altitude

Question 1

low altitude

Answer 1

500-2000m leth, calg, denver

Question 2

mod altitude

Answer 2

2000-3000 mt temple, right outside lake louise

Question 3

high altitude

Answer 3

3000-5500m pikes peak

Question 4

extreme altitude

Answer 4

> 5500, mt everest

Question 5

why do you get mountain sickness in planes

Answer 5

because they keep it at 2000m

Question 6

Partial pressure of oxygen and altitude

Answer 6

decrease as latter increases

Question 7

mt everest

1921, 1924, 1953, 1978

Answer 7

mallory - reconnaissance (7020)
mallory and irving - dont know
hillary and tensing - first successful summit
messner - first summit w/o o2

Question 8

arterial blood on mt everest

Answer 8

little oxygenation - 30mmhg in femoral blood

Question 9

death zone

Answer 9

8000 metres - wont be able to survive

Question 10

rob hall

Answer 10

commercialization - competition, survived the night in death zone till the next day till 530 pm

Question 11

hypobaric hypoxia

Answer 11

lower total pressure - go to everest without going to everest - expensive and challenging because of the pressure diff inside and outside of the chamber

Question 12

normobaric hypoxia

Answer 12

environment made hypoxia by reducing oxygen in the air (% of gases)

Question 13

Haig Glacier Becky Scott High performance training centre

Answer 13

2700m

Question 14

acute changes at altitude of arterial blood

Answer 14

reduced oxygenation of arterial blood
decreased PAO2 - decreased SaO2
decreased PAO2 increases time for PAO2 to equilibriate with PaO2

Question 15

why are highly trained ind not protected from the effects of altitude

Answer 15

reduced transit time with exercise further reduces the O2 saturation of arterial blood

Question 16

how to increase O2 in arterial blood

Answer 16

increase minute ventilation

• decreased SaO2 will lead to an increase in minute ventilation (increased frequency) at rest and during submaximal exercise in order to increase PA O2 and SaO2%
• hyper ventilation leads to decreased PAcos which decreases ventilatory drive and induces alkalosis,

Question 17

how to increase O2 delivery to tissues

Answer 17

increase HR and MAP activation of the SNS
- increase HR at rest and during submax,
-vasoconstricion -increases TPR which contributes to overall increase in MAP-
predisposes to high altitude pulmonary edema and high altitude cerebral edema
- increased production of lactate - more fatigue

Question 18

acute changes at altitude

Answer 18

reduced oxygenation of arterial blood
increase VE in order to increase O2 in arterial blood
increased HR and MAP in order to increase O2 delivery to tissues

Question 19

effects of altitude on VO2 max

Answer 19

declines by 1% for every 100m increase in altitude (when over 1500m) - pikes peak - lowered by 27%
- everest - lowered by 75%

Question 20

what else does altitude do to aerobic endurance exercise

Answer 20

earlier onset of fatigue

Question 21

does altitude affect sprint, strength, and power exercise performace?

Answer 21

yes but not to the same extent

Question 22

why might anaerobic exercise performance improve at high altitude

Answer 22

they dont require oxygen and theres less pressure/air resistance

Question 23

acclimatization

Answer 23

adaptive physiological responses

Question 24

rapid altitude acclimatization

Answer 24

INCREASED ARTERIAL OXYGEN CONTENT

INCREASED DELIVERY OF OXYGEN

Question 25

how is the arterial oxygen content brought up

Answer 25

- reduced plasma volme (increased urination) - increasd hematocrit (more ability for O2) and decreased Q - erythropoietin release - stimulates production of RBCs

Question 26

how is the delivery of oxygen increased -2

Answer 26

reduced bicarbonate which increases CO2 (decreased pH) which causes a right shift in the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve and increases VE increaese in 2,3 DPG (diphosphoglycerate) which is a metabolic by-product of RBCs, causes a right shift, and its beneficial up to 5000m, beyond that SaO2% is impaired

Question 27

4 chronic adaptation to altitude acclimatization

Answer 27

increased VE(VT) increased blood volume increased hematocrit (increased RBC from EPO) reduced diffusion diff

Question 28

how does chronic adaptation work with acclimatization

Answer 28

``` increased myoglobin (increased oxygen carrying capacity of tissues) stimulation of angiogenesis in lungs and muscles ```

Question 29

traditional altitude training

Answer 29

live and train at high altitude benefits: increase in RBC, HGB, Hct, vascularization negative: decrease in plasma volume, @, buffering capacity, increased viscosity of blood - fatigue more readily

Question 30

Live high, train low altitude training

Answer 30

sleep in normobaric hypoxic chamber benefits: no decrease in plasma volume and some athletes benefit from increased hematocrit negatives: less altitude stimulus

Question 31

train high, live low altitude training

Answer 31

rationale - increased training intensity | no clear evidence of increased VO2max

Question 32

overall effect of altitude training depends on 4

Answer 32

ind response, type of training, elevation, duration etc

Question 33

acute mountain sickness

Answer 33

mild altitude sickness that leads to headache, nausea, irritability, weakness, poor appetite, vomiting, tachycardia, disturbed breathing above 2500m: 10-25% between 4500-5500: 50-85% takes 1-3 days to resolve

Question 34

6 risk factors for AMS

Answer 34

history less than 46 yrs of age - brain atrophy - more room for edema female- women have more migraines history for migraines genetics - hypoxic ventilatory response - CV fitness is not protective - only more efficient rapid ascent

Question 35

how do you adapt to AMS

Answer 35

you cant, you go down to recover

Question 36

high altitude cerebral edema - 3 symptoms and compromise of?

Answer 36

severe altitude sickness characterized by swelling in the brain due to increased BP and permeability of the barrier - non-responsive headache and vomiting - confusion, ataxia, cognitive issues - drowsiness, unconsciousness, brain herniation, death endothelial permeability

Question 37

high altitude pulmonary edema | 2 symptoms and possible?

Answer 37

severe altitude sickness characterized by edema and fluid leakage in the lungs due to increased pulmonary BP and permeability of the vascular endothelium - low exercise capacity, labored breathing, coughing, low SaO2%, cyanosis (turning blue) - gurgling, pink, frothy sputum - can lead to death if not treated

Question 38

gamow bag

Answer 38

used to treat altitude sickness