Human Energy Transfer

Question 0

Energy

Answer 0

Capacity to do work

Question 1

Metabolism

Answer 1

Total of all energy transformation that occur in the body

Question 2

Energy transfer

Answer 2

All of the metabolic processes that are involved in the production and utilization of adenosine triphosphate

Question 3

ATP

Answer 3

Stored chemical energy that links the energy yielding and energy requiring function within all cells

Currency of cells

Question 4

Structure of ATP

Answer 4

Adenosine linked to three phosphates

Question 5

Where does ADP come from?

Answer 5

ATP + water and catalyzed by adenosine triphosphatase

Hydrogen is also released - no change of pH due to breakdown and rebuild

Question 6

How is ATP energy released?

Answer 6

ATP HYDROLYSIS liberates energy to do biological work

Question 7

Bioenergetics

Answer 7

Flow and exchange of energy within a living system

Question 8

1st law of thermodynamics

Answer 8

Law of conservation of energy - law that human body is subjected to
Energy can neither by created or destroyed

Question 9

Catabolic

Answer 9

Energy is produced from the breakdown of foodstuffs

ADP AND PI SND ENERGY gives ATP (endergonic)

Question 10

Anabolic

Answer 10

Energy is used to build tissues

ATP into ADP AND PI AND ENERGY (exergonic)

Question 11

Coupled reactions

Answer 11

Linking of an energy yielding and energy requiring reaction.

Question 12

Sliding filament theory and 2ATP uses

Answer 12

Thick over thin
Neurotransmitters trigger AP which moves along the cell membrane, then ATP and Ca bind to troponin and a shift as tropomyosin occurs
ATP needed for ca to go back to SR through ATPase pumps

Question 13

Three types biological work that use energy

Answer 13

Mechanical
chemical
transport

Question 14

Is all the energy from food converted into ATP and mechanical work?

Answer 14

No some is released as heat according to the second law of thermodynamics

Question 15

Food is converted into

Answer 15

Mechanical energy and heat

Question 16

Total energy expenditure is proportional to

Answer 16

Work done and heat produced - 2nd law of thermodynamics

Question 17

O2 + macronutrients

Answer 17

= ATP And CO 2 and h2o

Question 18

Mechanical work from ATP is measured by

Answer 18

Ergo meter

Question 19

Heat from ATP is measured by

Answer 19

Direct/indirect calorimeter - o2 and co2 that you breath out

Question 20

What do you need to measure to figure out how much ATP you used?

Answer 20

Mechanical work and heat

Question 21

How doe muscles use ATP

Answer 21

Binds to myosin heavy chain ATPase which is structurally bond to the myosin head
Cross ridge, power stroke, one to detach the Cross bridge then cocking

Question 22

ATP in skeletal muscle at rest

Answer 22

6mmol/kg, 80-100g of ATP

Good because its heavy

Question 23

How much body weight do we resynthesize in ATP per day

Answer 23

With normal daily PA, 75 of our body weight

Question 24

How long will stored ATP last us at max activity

Answer 24

3s

Question 25

How much ATP is used to run a marathon?

Answer 25

80kg

Question 26

What stimulates ATP synthesis?

Answer 26

Small changes in the concentrations of ATP, ADP and Pi

Question 27

When do ATP levels in skeletal muscle decrease?

Answer 27

Extreme exercise, and it never drops below 40% except for death

Question 28

Response to a minimal ATP decrease in cells

Answer 28

Rapid change in concentration because there only a small amount of ATP Within the cell

Question 29

5 energy sources for ATP generation

Answer 29

``` Creating phosphate Mayo kinase reaction Glucose/glycogen Fat Protein ``` All operate at diff rates with PC being the phosphate, as it contains a phosphate group it can immediately re phosphate ADP

Question 30

Short exercises and ATP resynthesis

Answer 30

Up to 6 seconds - stored ATP up to 10 - PC and ADP (myokinase - make two ADP Into ATP and AMP) 30-end - glycogen to glucose to ATP with metabolic by products as lactate and hydrogen

Question 31

Prolonged duration exercise and ATP resynthesis

Answer 31

Generated by breakdown of macronutrients by aerobic pathway, using oxygen from myoglobin or delivered by hemoglobin, oxygen deficit removed when activity ends

Question 32

Three biomechanical pathways/systems of ATP resynthesis

Answer 32

1. Phosphogen - ATP-PC alactic - instantaneous - C&ATP 2. Anaerobic respiration -fast glycolysis, lactic - glycolysis or glyconeogenolysis (predominates) - immediately - ATP & Pyruvic acid that turns into lactic acid 3. Aerobic respiration - Glycolysis, kerbs cycle, ETC/oxidative phosphylation - ongoing but lags to meet increased needs. ATP at 3 places - glycolysis, kerbs and ETC

Question 33

Cellular respiration

Answer 33

Process by which cells transfer energy from food to ATP in stepwise series of actions - relies heavily upon use of oxygen

Question 34

Substrate level phosphylation

Answer 34

Direct transfer of Pi from phosphorylated immediate or substrate to ADP without any oxidation occurring - glycolysis and kerbs

Question 35

Oxidative phosphorylation

Answer 35

The process by which NADHH and FADH2 are oxidized in the electron transport system and energy is usedtovsynthesize ATP from ADP and Pi

Question 36

Endocrine system in ATP resynthesis

Answer 36

Mobilize stored fuel of glucose and FA for regeneration of energy (ATP) to support muscle contraction e and NE (catecholamines) and growth hormone and cortisol

Question 37

Glucagon

Answer 37

Acts on liver to release sugar into blood stream

Question 38

Gluconeogenesis

Answer 38

Breaking protein down to make glucose

Question 39

Relative contribution of anaerobic versus aerobic energy

Answer 39

Energy continuum Short and intense is anaerobic 3s - ATP then at 10s glycolysis then at around 90 aerobic dominates

Question 40

Why is the system approach beneficial? 2

Answer 40

Permits classification if demands of exercise, sport and PA | design training programs

Question 41

Timeline of energy systems

Answer 41

ATP - PC Predominate in activities of 10 sec glycolytic - lactic - 1-2 mins Aerobic - activities greater than 2 mins