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Anaerobic glycolytic system Flashcards

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1
Q

where does the energy for phosphorylating ADP during intense and short duration exercise come mainly from?

A

stored muscle glycogen

breakdown via anaerobic/fast glycolysis resulting in lactate formation

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2
Q

power vs capacity and timeline of anaerobic glycolytic

A

moderate to high power, mod to low capacity

peak power - 15-30 seconds
capacity - 45-120 seconds

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3
Q

when does the anaerobic glycolytic system kick in?

A

5 seconds after muscle contraction starts

- overlap between ATPPC capacity and anaerobic glycolytic power

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4
Q

sports using the anaerobic glycolytic system

A 
15-120 seconds 
1500m speedskating 
200m track - 800m capacity 
100m swimming 
slalom and downhill skiing 
gymnastic - floor routine or parallel barrs 
round of boxing 
period of wrestling 
track cycling - kilo race
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5
Q

anaerobic glycolytic energy

A

reserve fuel used at the start/end of race

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6
Q

Embden Meyerhof glycolytic pathway

A

Meyerhof - glycogen was precursor of lactate (1920)

Embden - put together a model of all the steps of glycolysis - later adopted and confirmed by meyerhof

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7
Q

glycolysis

requires

A

series of sequential metabolic steps that converts glucose/glycogen into pyruvate to produce ATP

energy to be invested first

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8
Q

net gain of ATP depends in glycolysis depends on

A

if starting substrate is glucose or glycogen

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9
Q

level of ATP phosphorylation

A

substrate level

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10
Q

how much potential ATP is generated?

A

5% of potential 30-33 ATP that is produced through complete aerobic breakdown of glucose

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11
Q

where does glycolysis occur?

A

cytoplasm

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12
Q

Products of glycolysis of glucose vs glycogen

A

2 vs 3 ATP
2 NADHH
2 pyruvate

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13
Q

rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis

A

phophofructokinase

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14
Q

What are cell membranes permeable and not permeable to?

A

glucose and lactate but not phophorylated substances

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15
Q

is glycolysis possible without glucose/glycogen?

A

no

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16
Q

low glycogen induced by

A

fasting, inadequate nutrition, depleted stores from previous exercise

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17
Q

can glycogen move out of muscles?

A

no

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18
Q

muscle glucose transporters

A

Glut 1 (glucose transporter type 1)
- steady flow
- non insulin regulated
moves glucose into muscles during rest
GLUT 4
- stored in intracellular vesicles
- moves glucose into cells after a meal and during exercise
- insulin regulated - postprandially (after a meal)
- activated by muscle contractions - (increased intracellular calcium )

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19
Q

glycogen synthase (5)

A

used in glycogenesis

  • enzymes that convert glucose into glycogen (long chains)
  • active in postprandial period
  • glycogen close to active site of muscles
  • too much glucose gets turned into fat
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20
Q

anaerobic glycolysis is regulated by a series of

A 
controls the rate of energy production along the anaerobic metabolic pathway 
glycolytic enzymes 
- hexokinase 
- phophorylase 
- phosphofructokinase (PFK)
- lactate dehydrogenase  (LDH)
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21
Q

hexokinase

A

One ATP required for activation

traps glucose in the cell

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22
Q

Phosphorylase

A

no ATP required for activation
activated by Pi, Ca and cAMP (epinephrine via g-protein receptor- activate energy)
McArdle’s syndrome - dysfunctional phosphorylase

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23
Q

phosphofructokinase

A

one ATP for activation
rate limiting for glycolysis
allosteric regulation - enzyme bind and changes active site
-inhibited by ATP, citrate, free FA and decreased pH
-activated by ADP, Pi, AMP and increased pH

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24
Q

numbers of ATP produced from heart muscle and skeletal muscle from heart muscle

A

skeletal glucose 30 glycogen 31

Heart glucose 32 glycogen 33

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25
Lactate dehydrogenase and isoforms
LDH 4&5 predominate in fast twitch to convert pyruvate to lactate "m" for muscle form LDH 1&2 predominate in cardiac - slow twich to convert lactate to pyruvate "h" for heart form
26
LDH (m)
regenerate NAD to faciliate fast glycolysis b/c that doesnt happen without NAD and allows it to continue for minutes instead of seconds
27
how is lactic acid fromed?
when NADHH is oxidized to NAD by transferring H to pyruvic acid (C3H4O3) which turns into lactic acid (C3H6O3)
28
lactic acid or lactate?
99% of lactic acid dissociates into H and lactate immediately
29
Why is there lactic acid all the time in our blood?
RBC, kidneys and certain tissues in the eye will produce lactic acid continuously, always some lactate in circulation
30
how do lactate levels fluctuate?
depends on lactate turnover which is a function of production vs clearnace
31
5 factors that promote lactate production
``` muscle contrations mass action effect muscle fibre type increased SNS activation insufficient oxygen ```
32
muscle contrations and lactate prodution
ca activates phosphorylase which leads to glycogenesis
33
mass action effect and lactate production
LDH in glycolysis - any increase in pyruvate and NADHH, regarless of presence of oxygen contributes to lactate production - keep turning pyruvate into lactate
34
muscle fibre type and lactate
increased expression of LDHM in fast twitch
35
4 EVENTS THAT clear lactate
oxidation transamination gluconeogensis/glyconeogenesis sweat
36
pH regulation in the body muscle and blood
``` homeostatic mechanisms resting muslce - 6.9-7 extreme exercise 6.4 resting blood - 7.4-7.45 exercise rarely below 7 extreme exercise 6.74 ```
37
2 mechnisms used to regulate pH
ventilation - H into H2O and CO 2 through carbonic anhydrase (H+HCO3=H2CO3=H2O and CO2) Kidneys - secretion of carbonic acid
38
acid
compound that donates a H in solution
39
base
roems a hydroxyl when dissolved in water
40
pH calculation
-log[H+]
41
why dont you wanna drink before you compete in your short distance event
NAD is required for alcohol breakdwon which will take away from glycolysis
42
concern with acid
metabolic acidosis if H+ exceeds buffering capacity which is linked to fatigue
43
buffering capacity
ability to neutralize a decrease in pH experienced during anaerobic glycolytic exercise
44
8 metabolic effects of reduced pH/increased H+
decreased PFK decreased phosphorylate acclerated break down of PC decreased activity of ATPase on mysoin head -decrease in myosinATPase, Na/k ATPase, SR ATPase altered membrane transport central fatigue - pain receptors triggered by H Decreased Ca binding to troponin decreased O2 binding to hemoglobin - dump more oxygen
45
4 metabolic effects of increased lactate
increased oxidation of lactate in muscles efflux into blood efflux to other muslce cells where it can be oxidized may interfere with crossbridge cycling
46
oxidation of lactate
done by LDH h to regenerate pyruvate
47
lactate efflux into blood -5
moves out of cell, circulates and gets picked up by others increased oxidation in other tissues heart likes lactate during exercise - usually FA but can take lactate loss to sweat and urne liver picks it up - gluconeogensis - cori cycle to make glucose
48
lactate and crossbridge cycling
binding to thick and thin filaments - fatigue
49
does lactate induce fatigue?
no - but its highly associated with fatigue related factors i.e. hydrogen
50
evaluating anerobic glycolytic power and capacity -3
Wingate - 30 seconds for anaerobic glycolytic power - first five is alactic power, then fast glycolysis modified 90s- anaerobic glycolytic capacity cunningham faulkner treadmill test - lactic anaerobic capacity
51
fatigue index =
% of peak power drop off during high intensity, short duration work
52
lactate testing for anaerobic glycolytic power
8mmol/L - someone who's working maximally can go up to 32, resting level 1-2
53
limitation of lactate testing
lactate can move easily between muslce and bloodstream but takes time to equilibrate (5-10min)
54
range of lactic anaerobic exercise response
short term light to moderate submax aerobic short term mod to heavy submax aerobic incremental exercise - exponential curve dynamic resistance training short term high intensity anaerobic longterm mod to heavy submax aerobic depends
55
high intensity, short duration and supramaximal activity results in what VO2 max?
105-110
56
stress hormones activate
glycolysis - lactate goes up
57
diff goals =
diff training and diff results
58
What kind of athletes would have higher buffering capacity?
athletes that rely on anaerobic glycolytic power | - so they can neutralize the acid and increase the workload
59
Buffering capacity and training
specific training and enhance it but theres a limit to adpatton
60
Function of buffering agents
artificially increase ability of body to buffer metabolic acidosis in an effort to delay fatigue and increase performance
61
2 commonly used buffering agents
sodium bicarbonate/citrate | beta alanine
62
purported mechanism of sodium bicarbonate -2
increased extracellular HCO3 to increase arterial blood pH | gradient to draw out H
63
Ergogenic dose of sodium bicarbonate and sodium citrate
sodium bicarbonate - .2-.4g/kg sodium citrate 0.6-0.6 g/kg 60-90 min before exercise
64
research of ergogenic benefits of sodium buffering agents | why ?
mixed results - some say bicarbonate enhances performance in short term intense tests while others have no benefits hydrogens are in the cell
65
3 ergogenic benefits of sodium agents
results in increased blood HCO3 and reduced blood H but skeletal muscle H is not altered increased power output with repeated sprints both sodium agents are effective
66
side effect of sodium agents
GI upset - 10% are intoleratn leads to vomiting and diarrhea more pronounced with bicarbonate so dont try it before a competition
67
beta alanine proported mechanism 2
increased intracelluar buffering capacity | delayed fatigue during intense aerobic exercise
68
dose of beta alanine
65mg/kg/day once a day for 4-10 weeks
69
ergogenic benefits of beta alanine
mixed results - may improve performance with repeated bouts of high intensity exercise often consumed with creatine so heard to distinguish
70
side effect of beta alanine
paresthesia - pins and needles feeling on the face and skin
71
beta alanine and carnosine
combines with histidine to get carnosine - so you can stockpile as it is the limiting substrate for the carnasine molecule
72
buffering agents legal?
not banned but may be considered a violation of doping rule because you arent allowed to use any physiological substance to enhance performance - human thresholds are hold to test but they are illegal in horse racing
73
how to train the anaerobic glycolytic system
work duration between 30s-2min | repeat intervals - lactate stacking which gives you a higher blood lactate than just one all-out
74
5 metabolic adaptations of anaerobic glycolytic system training
increased buffering capacity increased enzyme activity - PFK, Hexokinase, Phosphorylase, LDH5m increased glycogen storage decreased lactate accumulation at same absolute workload no change at same relative intensity for resistance exercise
75
peak power in females -
65 of peak in males 83 relative to total weight 94 relative to lean mass
76
mean power in females
68 of peak 87 relative to total weight 98 relative to lean mass
77
what accounts for the different power value in sex
different hormonal profiles more adipose tissue in females utilize different fules
78
what stimulates PFK?
high ADP because ATP needs to be made
79
low pH and PFK
low levels means PFK has been working hard so lots of ATP
80
citrate vs PFK
citrate is the downstream product of PFK

Exercise Physiology (17 decks)

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