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Body composition Flashcards

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0
Q

3 things that are considered to be important componenets of athletic performance

A

body size
shape
composition

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0
Q

Body composition can give you

A

An

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1
Q

Why can’t you say that a person needs to be exactly this weight?

A

They need a range of where there’s a balance between leanness and power

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2
Q

strength and power athletes have

A

increased fat free mass

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2
Q

Low fat body composition may not be beneficial for

A

Performance

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3
Q

as athletes must move their own mass, they must have

A

increased power/weight ration - cyclist

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3
Q

Whys body composition so much harder to do?

A

Because you can’t dope

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4
Q

diff _______ are set up for competitions to be fair

A

weight divisions

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4
Q

Body composition

A

The partitioning of body mass into fat free mass (weight or percentage) and fat mass (weight or percentage)

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5
Q

acrobatic sports have

A

biomechanical advantages

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5
Q

Fat free weight 5

A

Muscle, bone, skin, blood, organs

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6
Q

judged sports body composition

A

increased fat free mass and decreased body fat

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6
Q

2 fat weight

A

Storage fat: visceral and subcutaneous fat
Essential far - bone marrow,CNS, cell membranes, heart, lungs, liver-5%, spleen, kidneys, intestines, muscles. Males 3%, females 12%

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7
Q

body weight and body composition are often

A

important focal points for athletes given that these attributes can be manipulated.

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7
Q

Lean body mass

A

Fat free weight and essential fat

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8
Q

is body composition a sole predictor of athletic performance?

A

no, a rigid body composition should not be recommended for any sport or gp of athletes

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8
Q

Exercises that use essential body fat

A

Are not healthy

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9
Q

can you say that a person needs to be exactly this weight

A

no because they need to have a range where that balance is between leanness and po

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9
Q

Direct analysis of body composition

A

Cadaver analysis
Chemical analysis - determine mixture or fat and far free components
Physical dissection analysis of fat, far free adipose tissue, muscle, and bone

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10
Q

Indirect measure of body composition 7

A 
Densitometry- hydrostatic weight and displacement plethysmography (bod pod) 
Dual energy x ray absorptiometry DXA 
bio electrical impedance analysis BIA 
skin folds 
Circumferences 
Computed tomography (CT) 
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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11
Q

Densitometry

A

Measurement of mass/unit volume

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12
Q

Density of body

A

Body mass(g)/body volume (ml)

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13
Q

Two compartment model of body composition (fat and fat free weight)

A

Density of fat is 0.9 g/ml, lean body mass is 1.1, with a measurement of total body density, a percent body fat can be calculated using a prediction formula

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14
Q

How do you determine the volume of the body

A

Submerge them in water in graduated cylinder

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15
Archimedes principle
Principle that a partially or fully submerged object will experience an upward buoyant force equal to the weight or the volume of fluid displaces by the object
16
How do we find the volume of the body according the Archimedes principle?
Subtract the underwater weight from the land weight
17
Who will weigh more underwater and why?
Density of bone and muscle is greater than that of far, so someone with a lower percent body far will weight more
18
Bod pod
Air displacement system to determine volume of body - measures residual volume on lungs Volume of body used to determine %BF - similar formulas to the ones used for hydrostatic weighing High level of accuracy but may underestimate body far by 2-3%
29
5 potential sources if error with Densitometry
``` Determination of residual volume Determination of GI volume Body gravity spaces Protocol errors Assume that densities of lean tissue compartments remain the same among ind. ```
30
Reasons of density fluctuation of bones and muscles
from the constant of 1.1g/ml depending on gender, age, race, etc
31
how much will densitometry body fat measurements differ from true body fat %
+/- 2-4%
32
dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (5)
3 compartment model of body composition that uses low dose x-ray absorption to measure - lean soft tissue - fat soft tissue - bone whole body and regional assessment of body composition lowest standard error of body composition takes 3 min darker is muscle
33
bioelectrical impedance analysis (4)
low intensity electrical current to assess body composition - lean tissue has more water and electrolyte content which conduct current more readily than fat - great resistance/impedance of current indicates a higher % body fat high degree of error because hydration status can significantly reduce results
34
Skin folds/fat fold measures
calipers to gauge thickness of a fold of skin at selected sites a skin fold is the double thickness of skin plus the adipose tissue between the parallel layers of skin highest standard of error in measurement of body composition - landmaring, amt of skinfold pinched, site selection, calipers, tester, subject highly trained testers get an accuracy of +/- 3-5% relative to hydrostatic weighing
35
How to use skin fold measurements
different equations to determine body density Siri equation for body fat % multitude of equations to choose from depending on the population of study - age and sex adjusted formulas required
36
Body mass index
ratio of total body weight to height
37
limitations of BMI (3)
not always a good predictor of body fat provides no indication of fat distribution no absolute BMI standard to classify children and adolescents overweight and/or obese
38
Why is BMI not always a good predictor of body fat (3)
athletes have high BMI but acceptable body fat levels older age have a higher %body fat for a given BMI ethnicity - asian pop. may have a higher %BF for a given BMI
39
why do we still use BMI
not a good predictor of individual health but works well for assessing health on a population level
40
Android vs Gynoid
excess fat in android region (apple) is associated with higher risk for diabetes, heart disease, and hypertension compared to fat stored in the gynoid/pear shaped.
41
assessment of waist circumference and waist/hip ratio
some indication of metabolic health risk
42
Why is subcutaneous fat better than visceral fat
not as readily available
43
What waist conference is high risk for metabolic diseases?
f 89, 88 in canada | m 99, 102 in canada
44
average waist to hip ratio
17-39 0.8f, 0.9m | 40 and up 0.9f, 0.98m
45
high risk for metabolic disease
20-60 f0.84, m0.99 | 60-70 f0.90, 1.03 m
46
what does the waist hip ratio tell you
index of relative fat distribution
47
healthy body fat %
no universally accepted %bf standard | obesity is +5% above normal bf%
48
essential fat and minimal fat for men and women
3-5%, 5% for men | 8-12%, 10-12% for women
49
athletic fat in men and women
5-13 for men | 12-22 for women
50
recommended bf% for men and women, less than 34, 35-55, after 56
8-22, 10-25 | 20-35, 23-38, 25-38
51
How many fat cells do we have
30-50billion- females have 50% more than men
52
hyperplasia
growth in tissue or organ trough an increase in the number of cells, occurs at critical periods in life - later childhood/puberty
53
hypertrophy
increase in size of cells, fat cells can increase in size by a factor of ten in order to store more triglycerides
54
white vs brown adipose cell
large lipid vacuole and little mitochondria | small lipid droplets and lots of mitochondria - many when we were young to give off heat
55
3 types of body fat distribution patterns
android - visceral gynoid - gluteofemoral intermediate pattern
56
Lipoprotein lipase
promotes fat storage in adipose and muscle because it plucks fat off the lipoproteins
57
ppl with high LPL
store fat very efficiently
58
gender specific hormones and fat cell metabolism
in women fat cells in breasts, hips and thighs produce more LPL and in men cells in abdomen produce more LPL
59
why is it harder to lose gynoid/gluteofemoral fat?
enzymes controlling breakdown of fat less active in lower body
60
weight loss and LPL expression
increases - more efficient in getting fat back
61
obesity prevalence in canada (3)
26% of adult have obesity 5th in the world steady increase after 1980
62
general health risks of overweight and obesity (6)
``` hypertension CV disease Gallbladder disease and hypercholesterolemia diabetes mellitus - type 2 cancer miscellaneous disorders ```
63
diabetes insipidus
pancreatic inefficiency
64
abdomen fat can release
inflammatory cytokines
65
health risks from mass of fat (6)
``` osteoarthritis sleep apnea respiratory problems lower back patin skin stretch marks congestive heart failure ```
66
increased PA improves ___________ regardless of weight
metabolic health - adjusted relative risk is always lower
67
you can have a high amount of bf% but be
metabolically healthy
68
why does complication arise with obesity
inflammation
69
new assessment of obesity intervention?
medical, mental and functional aspects, if they're all okay then there's no treatment
70
weight bias
beliefs about a person's values, skills, abilities and personality based on their body weight and shape
71
weight stigma
disapproval or discontent with a person or gp based on perceptions and stereotypes
72
the public voice for canadians with obesity (3)
remove stigma and bring positivity and respects change how we perceive and discuss obesity connection to a community and make a difference
73
why shouldnt one discriminate obesity
there may be a genetic piece and not solely a lifestyle
74
instead of fat (less stigmatizing)
weight
75
instead of morbidly obese (less stimatizing)
unhealthy weight or high BMI
76
instead of fat (more motivating)
unhealthy weight
77
instead of morbidly obese/chubby (more motivating)
overweight
78
ind experiencing weight discrimination are more likely to have (4)
maladaptive eating patterns, avoid PA, develop stress induced pathophysiology and avoid medical care
79
submerged object experiences
an upward buoyant force equal to the weight of the volume of the fluid displaced by the object

Exercise Physiology (17 decks)

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