Amines Flashcards
(15 cards)
what are amines
organic compounds that come from ammonia (NH3). This transformation happens when one or more hydrogen atoms in the ammonia molecule are replaced with alkyl or aryl groups
what are primary,secondary, tertiary and quaternary amines
Primary amines - One hydrogen is replaced.RNH2.
Secondary amines - Two hydrogens are replaced. R2NH.
Tertiary amines - Three hydrogens are replaced. R3N.
Quaternary ammonium ions - Four organic groups are attached to positively charged nitrogen, R4N+.
how do quaternary ammonium ions form salts
bonding ionically to anions like chloride or bromide
draw a quaternary ammonium salt
what is a catatonic surfactant
a type of surfactant that carry a positive charge on their hydrophilic (tendency to dissolve) head
how does an amines lone pair effect it’s reactivity
it will act as a base
makes them nucleophilic
what is the strength of an amine dependent on
how available nitrogen’s lone pair of electrons is Aliphatic amines are stronger bases as aromatic amines have their nitrogen electron density decreased by partial delocalisation
how are aliphatic amines produced
beuleophillic substitution or reduction of nitriles
how are aromatic amines produces
electrophilic substitution (Nitrogenation) then are reduced
how to reduce nitriles to amines
catalytic hydrogenation reacting the nitrile with hydrogen gas (H2) in the presence of a metal catalyst, such as nickel or platinum
what is the general equation for reduction of nitriles
R-C≡N + 4[H] ➔ R-CH2-NH2
whats the advantage of catalytic hydrogenation
produces a purer product as it does not undergo further sub reactions like nucleophilic sub
how are amides synthised
nucleophilic addition substitution (reaction of acyl chlorides or acid anhydrides with concentrated ammonia or primary amines)
draw the mechanism for the reaction between ethanoyl chloride and ammonia
