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BCH > Amino Acids/Enzymes/Nucleic Acid > Flashcards

Amino Acids/Enzymes/Nucleic Acid Flashcards

1
Q

Amino acids link together by_____groups to form_____bond

A

Amino group
Peptide bond

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2
Q

GSH Glutathione is a ___peptide

A

Tri

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3
Q

Vasopresin contains _____amino acid

A

9

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4
Q

Insulin has _____ seperate polypeptide chain
A having ______ amino acid and B having _____
They are held together by_____
The A chain haa an additional disulfide bridge that holds ___ amino acid in a chain?

A

2 seperate
21 amino
30 amino
Disulfide bridge
6 amino acid

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5
Q

Peptide bond formation is a type of ______ reaction

A

Dehydration

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6
Q

Conjugate proteins that require organic cofactor is called___&&

A

Coenzyme

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7
Q

Conjugate proteins that require inorganic cofactor is called___

A

Activator

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8
Q

Digestive enzymes are known as?

A

Zygogens /inactive enzymes

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9
Q

How does enzymes catalyze a reaction that’s different from non enzyme catalyst

A

It’s replaces the large activation barrier with multiple lower activation barrier

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10
Q

Optimum temp for enzymes in the body is

A

37

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11
Q

Among the 6 classes of enzymes which catalyzes one substrate rxn?

A

Hydrolase, Isomerase, Lyases

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12
Q

The kinetic eqn describing the kinetic properties of one substrate rxn is called?

A

Michael menten eqn

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13
Q

Allopurinol serves as enzyme inhibitor against _______ which is used to treat?

A

Xanthine oxidase
Arthritis

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14
Q

______ is structurally similar to vitamin K and acts as an anticoagulant by competitively inhibiting vitamin K

A

Dicoumarol

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15
Q

Example of non competitive enzymes inhitors are?

A

Cyanide, fluoride iodoacemate

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16
Q

The key enzymes of heme synthesis ALA Synthase is auto regulated by the ______ by _____ method

A

Heme
Repression

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17
Q

Glucokinase is regulated by insulin through ______ method

A

Induction

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18
Q

Zymogen enzymes activation by partial proteolysis is an example of ______ regulation of enzymes

A

Covalent modification

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19
Q

What’s the meaning of ALP
ALP are found in?
An increase in ALP is might indicate what diseases
What’s the function of the enzyme

A

Alkaline phosphate
bone, liver, kidney, intestinal wall, lactating mammary gland and placenta
rickets and osteomalacia, hyperparathyroidism, paget’s disease of bone, obstructive jaundice, and metastatic carcinoma And obstructive liver Disease
It an enzyme which hydrolyze phosphate esters at an alkaline pH.

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20
Q

What’s the meaning of ACP
ACP are found in?
An increase in ACP is might indicate what diseases
What’s the function of the enzyme

A

Acid phosphate
prostate, liver, red cells, platelets and bone.
Metastatic bone disease and prostate cancer
Acid phosphatases catalyzing the hydrolysis of various phosphate esters at acidic pH

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21
Q

What’s the meaning of AST
AST are found in?
An increase in AST is might indicate what diseases
What’s the function of the enzyme

A

Aspertate amino Transferetase or GOT glutamate oxaloacetate tranfereretase
heart, liver, skeletal muscle, kidney and erythrocytes,
Hepatic disease: Parenchimal liver disease
IT catalyzes the transfer of the amino group of aspartic acid to α- ketoglutarate forming glutamate and oxaloacetate

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22
Q

What’s the meaning of ALT
ALT are found in?
An increase in ALT is might indicate what diseases
What’s the function of the enzyme

A

Alanine amino Transferetase or GPT glutamate pyruvate Transferetase
in liver and to a lesser extent in skeletal muscle, kidney and heart
parenchymal disease and myocardial damage respectively or In liver damage
GPT Transfer the amino group of alanine to α- ketoglutarate, forming glutamate and pyruvate.

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23
Q

What’s the meaning of LDH
LDH are found in?
An increase in LDH is might indicate what diseases
What’s the function of the enzyme

A

Lactate hydrogenaese
in the heart, skeletal muscle, liver, kidney, brain and erythrocytes.
myocardial infarction, acute leukemias, generalized carcinomatosis and in acute hepatitis
catalyzes the reversible interconversion of lactate and pyruvate.

24
Q

What’s the meaning of CK
CK are found in?
An increase in CK is might indicate what diseases

A

Creatine kinase
CK (CPK) is found in heart muscle brain and skeletal muscle. Measurement of serum creatine phosphokinase activity is of value in the diagnosis of disorders affecting skeletal and cardiac muscle

25
Q

Meaning of GGT
it’s found in
It’s increase signifies what disease

A

Gamma glutamate Transferetase
Liver RBC
Obstructive ana Alcohoic liver
IT’S AN ENZYME THAT HELPS IN HEXOSE MONO PHOSPHATE SHUNT PATHWAY

26
Q

The acidic component of nuclei is called
Which is a polymer and the monomer is called?

A

Nucleic acid
Nucleotide

27
Q

A single nucleotide is made of ___ components, namely?

A

3
Pentose sugar
Nitrogenous base
Phosphate group

28
Q

The pentose sugar in nucleotide are______ & ______
And what are the differences?

A

Ribose and deoxyribose
Ribose OH in C2
Deoxyribose only

29
Q

Nitrogenous base are classified into?

A

Purine and pyrimidine

30
Q

Pyrimidine are ___ member heterocyclic ______ ring

A

6 member
Aromatic ring

31
Q

Example of pyrimidine are?

A

Cytosine, thymine, uracil

32
Q

All common pyrimidine in DNA and RNA have a ______ group at C2

A

Keto

33
Q

Pyrimidine can exist in either ___ or _____ form

A

Keto (lactam) or Enol (lactim) form

34
Q

Purine or pyrimidine base is connected to the deoxyribose or ribose via_____ bond between ____ of the purine and ____ of pyrimidine and Cl of the pentose sugar

A

N-glycosidic bond
N9 of purine and N1 of pyrimidine

35
Q

Neucloside are purine or pyrimidine bases attached to ______

A

Pentose sugar

36
Q

Both purine and pyrimidine undergo keto-enol traumerization and this contributes to______

A

Mutation

37
Q

In purine which traumerization is more common

A

Keto-

38
Q

Phosphate is attached by _____ linkage to a hydroxyl group on the sugar usually at ___ or ____ OH

A

Ester linkage to a hydroxyl group
5 or 3 OH

39
Q

Examples of purine beses are?

A

Adenine and guanine

40
Q

What are the nucleotides which are present in the body but not in the structure of nucleic acid?

A

Hypo xanthine and xanthine

41
Q

What links two nucleotides together?
And what is it’s orientation?

A

Phosphdiester link
5 OH of first links with 3 OH of next
5 - 3 orientation from left to right

42
Q

Who was the first to propose that A+G=C+T or A= T and G= C in ____ year

A

E. Chargaff in 1950

43
Q

Watson and crick model of DNA is?
In 1953

A

2 poly nucleotide strands wounded together and runs anti parallel to each other
One strand runs 5-3 direction and the other 3-5 direction
AT Pair (2 bond) and GC pair (3 bond)

44
Q

Watson and crick form of DNA is known as?

A

B-beta form DNA

45
Q

What’s the major difference between A and B form (Nucleic Acid) DNA?

A

A- form nucleic acid has C3 endo- conformation while B-form has C2

46
Q

There are how many types of nucleic acid forms(DNA) ?

A

B- form(most common) —-Right handed, 0.34nm distance

A-form—-Right handed duplex with a shorter base pair distance

Z-form—- left handed helical structure

47
Q

A B and Z forms of nucleic acid has ____ base pairing per turn?

A

A– 11
B–10
Z–12

48
Q

RNA is a ____ stranded nucleic acid?
What are the types and function?

A

Single
mRNA– temporarily copies information from DNA to the protein synthesis machinery
rRNA – it’s the core of molecular Marchienery which is used to make protein
tRNA– Brings amino acid to the ribosome for protein synthesis
Clover leef( secondary)
L-shape(tertiary)

49
Q

What are the bases for DNA and RNA?

A

A, T,G, C
A, U,G, C

50
Q

What are the factors that stabilizes DNA?

A

Electrostatic force
Hydrophobic force
H-bonds
Stacking interaction

51
Q

What determines the melting temp of a DNA?

A

G+C content becuz it has the highest bond i.e 3 bond
Ionic strength
Agents that disrupt the stacking order

52
Q

____ solutions affected DNA @__ pH
And what is affected?

A

Acidic @ 4pH
Beta glycosidic bond of purine are hydrolyzed

53
Q

RNA is very unstable in _____ because of _____

A

Alkaline solution
It hydrolysis the phosphodiester back bone

54
Q

What’s central dogma of biology?

A

The flow of information from DNA—-RNA—-PROTEINS

55
Q

of the 20 amino acids are synthesized in the body? (nonessential amino acids)

A

11

56
Q

Many of the nonessential amino acids are synthesized by ?

A

transamination reactions,
in which an amino group is added to an a-ketoacid to produce an amino acid.

57
Q

Major importance of vitamin B12?

A

Maturation of RBC

BCH (16 decks)

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