Amniotes

Question 1

what were the 4 parts of the enclosing the pond of the amniotes

Answer 1

shelled egg - doesn’t need water

amnion - embryonic development

amnion - enclosing pond/fluid cavity

paleozoic amniote gave rise to all non-avian reptiles, birds + mammals

Question 2

paleozoic amniote diversification gave rise to…

Answer 2

non avian reptiles, birds + mammals

Question 3

when did amniotes diversify

Answer 3

carboniferous

Question 4

the first terrestrial vertebrates belong to what paraphyletic class…

Answer 4

reptilia

Question 5

what were the 2 early diversifications of amniotes

Answer 5

synapsids (to mammals)

sauropsids (reptiles + birds)

Question 6

modern reptiles are from lineages that survived what

Answer 6

mass extinction in the mesozoic

Question 7

why is the tuatara considered a living fossil

Answer 7

is the sole survivor of a group that disappeared 100 mya during the mesozoic

Question 8

protoclepsydrops was the first fossil for…

Answer 8

synapsids

Question 9

paleothyris was the first know…

Answer 9

sauropsid

Question 10

you can classify amniotes one of two ways… what are they

Answer 10

original classification - reptiles, birds, mammals - under revision because reptile are paraphyletic

monophyletic way - look at diapsid splits

Question 11

what are the groups of the diapsids

Answer 11

lepidosauria = lizs, snek, monitors, tuatara

testudines = turtle

archosauria = dinos, crocs, birds

Question 12

what are the 3 derived characteristics of amniotes

Answer 12

amniotic egg
rib ventilation of lungs
thicker + waterproof skin

Question 13

what are the 4 parts of the amniotic egg

Answer 13

amnion
allantois
chorion
yolk sac

Question 14

what do most amniotic eggs have that limits water loss, allows gas exchange and acts as a leathery barrier against the environment?

Answer 14

outside shell, leathery, mineralized

Question 15

what’s the main reason for the amniotes success

Answer 15

amniotic egg - more growth and development of larger, faster growing ambryo

no jelly layer so faster gas exchange

Question 16

what are some features of the waterproof, thicker skin of the amniotes

Answer 16

keratinized
mostly gas proof so they no longer breathe through skin
scales, hair, feathers, claws

Question 17

what impedes gas exchange in the amniotes

Answer 17

keratin in the skin

Question 18

the changes in skin structure of amniotes is for what main reason

Answer 18

moving away from respiratory function of skin

Question 19

the skin of amniotes tends to be… what

Answer 19

thicker, keratinized, less permeable to water

Question 20

what is the function of keratin in the skin of amniotes

Answer 20

hair, feathers, claws

protects skin from physical stress

Question 21

explain what osteoderms and melanphores do in amniote skin

Answer 21

osteo - deposits that make scales, plates or strucutre in dermallayers

melanophores - pigment w melanin in amphibians

Question 22

what has tough, ry, scaley skin with a thin epidermis that sheds periodically, adapted to protect against dessication and injury?

Answer 22

reptiles

Question 23

the thicker layer underneath the epidermic has what to help provide colour (mammals +birds only have one, reptile can have many of these things)

Answer 23

chromatophores

Question 24

what type of keratin to reptiles have in their epidermis

Answer 24

beta keratin

• hard form of keratin
  protects against wear in terrestrial environment

Question 25

how do snakes, crocs and turtles differ in how they replace/shed skin

Answer 25

snakes + lizards - replace skin by shedding crocs - grow scaled gradually to replace wear turtles - add new layers underneath old layers

Question 26

how has the breathing style changed in amniotes

Answer 26

use rib ventilation of lungs, muscular contraction and expansion inspiration via enlarging thoracic cavity

Question 27

how do snakes breathe? how do crocs and turtles differ?

Answer 27

snakes + lizards - expand ribs crocs + turtles - move internal organs + abdominal muscles - create -ve pressure to inhale

Question 28

what the main difference between reptile breathing and amphibian breathing

Answer 28

reptiles - suck air in using ribs and lungs amphibians - push air in, mouth breathers

Question 29

non avian reptile jaws efficiently designed for...

Answer 29

crushing and gripping prey

Question 30

how did the jaws in amniotes change

Answer 30

move from fast closure/suction feeding to large muscles to grip and chew jaw muscles got bigger + stronger

Question 31

what extinct marine reptile was notorious for being a fearsome predator that had a HUGE wishbone shaped jaw, triangular teeth and was an extreme example of reptilian teeth?

Answer 31

pliosaur of the plesiosaurs

Question 32

list the main differences between the anapsids, diapsids and synapsids

Answer 32

anapsids - skulls w no temporal opening behind orbits (early amniotes and anamniote tetrapods) diapsids - 2 temporal openings (one below cheeks, other above) - dinos, snakes, lizards, crocs, turtles lost diapsid synapsids - single pair of temporal openings, mammal like reptiles

Question 33

what skull type gave rise to dinos, snakes, lizards, crocs, turtles

Answer 33

diapsids

Question 34

what kind of heart to amnioted have

Answer 34

4 chambered

Question 35

some reptiles have imcomplete separation btw heart venticles... why

Answer 35

permits blood to bypass lungs during diving hibernation estivation

Question 36

what are some water conservation strategies of amniotes

Answer 36

kidneys + urinary bladder adapted to land most water absorbed in bladder urine w uric acid - doesn't need water, released as semi-solid mass of uric acid salt glands near eyes and nose

Question 37

why do reptiles and birds need salt secretion sites near the eyes and nose where mammals do not

Answer 37

kidneys not as effective as mammals

Question 38

how is the water conservation strategy of kidneys and uric acid in amniotes different from amphibians

Answer 38

amphibians secrete metabolic waste as ammonia which need water uric acid doesn't need water

Question 39

how is the lizard brain different from the brains before it

Answer 39

bigger cerebrum and cerebellum better integration of sensory info + muscle control

Question 40

lizards and snakes have something called the Jacobson organ...what is this

Answer 40

olfactory in roof of mouth, transmitted through tongue

Question 41

how are mammals different from lizards brain wise

Answer 41

more complec emotions, memory + cortex

Question 42

what is the limbic system in mammals

Answer 42

where emotions are processed ring around our ancestral lizard brain regions

Question 43

whats the purpose of the cortex..

Answer 43

helps control emotions and complex decision making