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Animal Diversity > Amniotes > Flashcards

Amniotes Flashcards

1
Q

what were the 4 parts of the enclosing the pond of the amniotes

A

shelled egg - doesn’t need water

amnion - embryonic development

amnion - enclosing pond/fluid cavity

paleozoic amniote gave rise to all non-avian reptiles, birds + mammals

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2
Q

paleozoic amniote diversification gave rise to…

A

non avian reptiles, birds + mammals

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3
Q

when did amniotes diversify

A

carboniferous

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4
Q

the first terrestrial vertebrates belong to what paraphyletic class…

A

reptilia

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5
Q

what were the 2 early diversifications of amniotes

A

synapsids (to mammals)

sauropsids (reptiles + birds)

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6
Q

modern reptiles are from lineages that survived what

A

mass extinction in the mesozoic

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7
Q

why is the tuatara considered a living fossil

A

is the sole survivor of a group that disappeared 100 mya during the mesozoic

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8
Q

protoclepsydrops was the first fossil for…

A

synapsids

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9
Q

paleothyris was the first know…

A

sauropsid

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10
Q

you can classify amniotes one of two ways… what are they

A

original classification - reptiles, birds, mammals - under revision because reptile are paraphyletic

monophyletic way - look at diapsid splits

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11
Q

what are the groups of the diapsids

A

lepidosauria = lizs, snek, monitors, tuatara

testudines = turtle

archosauria = dinos, crocs, birds

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12
Q

what are the 3 derived characteristics of amniotes

A

amniotic egg
rib ventilation of lungs
thicker + waterproof skin

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13
Q

what are the 4 parts of the amniotic egg

A

amnion
allantois
chorion
yolk sac

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14
Q

what do most amniotic eggs have that limits water loss, allows gas exchange and acts as a leathery barrier against the environment?

A

outside shell, leathery, mineralized

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15
Q

what’s the main reason for the amniotes success

A

amniotic egg - more growth and development of larger, faster growing ambryo

no jelly layer so faster gas exchange

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16
Q

what are some features of the waterproof, thicker skin of the amniotes

A

keratinized
mostly gas proof so they no longer breathe through skin
scales, hair, feathers, claws

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17
Q

what impedes gas exchange in the amniotes

A

keratin in the skin

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18
Q

the changes in skin structure of amniotes is for what main reason

A

moving away from respiratory function of skin

19
Q

the skin of amniotes tends to be… what

A

thicker, keratinized, less permeable to water

20
Q

what is the function of keratin in the skin of amniotes

A

hair, feathers, claws

protects skin from physical stress

21
Q

explain what osteoderms and melanphores do in amniote skin

A

osteo - deposits that make scales, plates or strucutre in dermallayers

melanophores - pigment w melanin in amphibians

22
Q

what has tough, ry, scaley skin with a thin epidermis that sheds periodically, adapted to protect against dessication and injury?

A

reptiles

23
Q

the thicker layer underneath the epidermic has what to help provide colour (mammals +birds only have one, reptile can have many of these things)

A

chromatophores

24
Q

what type of keratin to reptiles have in their epidermis

A

beta keratin

  • hard form of keratin
    protects against wear in terrestrial environment
25
Q

how do snakes, crocs and turtles differ in how they replace/shed skin

A

snakes + lizards - replace skin by shedding

crocs - grow scaled gradually to replace wear

turtles - add new layers underneath old layers

26
Q

how has the breathing style changed in amniotes

A

use rib ventilation of lungs, muscular contraction and expansion

inspiration via enlarging thoracic cavity

27
Q

how do snakes breathe? how do crocs and turtles differ?

A

snakes + lizards - expand ribs

crocs + turtles - move internal organs + abdominal muscles
- create -ve pressure to inhale

28
Q

what the main difference between reptile breathing and amphibian breathing

A

reptiles - suck air in using ribs and lungs

amphibians - push air in, mouth breathers

29
Q

non avian reptile jaws efficiently designed for…

A

crushing and gripping prey

30
Q

how did the jaws in amniotes change

A

move from fast closure/suction feeding to large muscles to grip and chew

jaw muscles got bigger + stronger

31
Q

what extinct marine reptile was notorious for being a fearsome predator that had a HUGE wishbone shaped jaw, triangular teeth and was an extreme example of reptilian teeth?

A

pliosaur of the plesiosaurs

32
Q

list the main differences between the anapsids, diapsids and synapsids

A

anapsids - skulls w no temporal opening behind orbits (early amniotes and anamniote tetrapods)

diapsids - 2 temporal openings (one below cheeks, other above) - dinos, snakes, lizards, crocs, turtles lost diapsid

synapsids - single pair of temporal openings, mammal like reptiles

33
Q

what skull type gave rise to dinos, snakes, lizards, crocs, turtles

A

diapsids

34
Q

what kind of heart to amnioted have

A

4 chambered

35
Q

some reptiles have imcomplete separation btw heart venticles… why

A

permits blood to bypass lungs during diving
hibernation
estivation

36
Q

what are some water conservation strategies of amniotes

A

kidneys + urinary bladder adapted to land

most water absorbed in bladder

urine w uric acid - doesn’t need water, released as semi-solid mass of uric acid

salt glands near eyes and nose

37
Q

why do reptiles and birds need salt secretion sites near the eyes and nose where mammals do not

A

kidneys not as effective as mammals

38
Q

how is the water conservation strategy of kidneys and uric acid in amniotes different from amphibians

A

amphibians secrete metabolic waste as ammonia which need water

uric acid doesn’t need water

39
Q

how is the lizard brain different from the brains before it

A

bigger cerebrum and cerebellum

better integration of sensory info + muscle control

40
Q

lizards and snakes have something called the Jacobson organ…what is this

A

olfactory in roof of mouth, transmitted through tongue

41
Q

how are mammals different from lizards brain wise

A

more complec emotions, memory + cortex

42
Q

what is the limbic system in mammals

A

where emotions are processed

ring around our ancestral lizard brain regions

43
Q

whats the purpose of the cortex..

A

helps control emotions and complex decision making

Animal Diversity (9 decks)

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