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Animal Diversity > Class Diapsida - Archosauria > Flashcards

Class Diapsida - Archosauria Flashcards

1
Q

archosaurs - write out their line from class to orders

A 
class reptilia
subclass diapsida
superorder archosauria
order crocodilia
dinos
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2
Q

when did archosaurs evolve

A

late permian, early triassic

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3
Q

are archosaurs still diapsid amniotes

A

yep

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4
Q

what are the 2 main clades of archosaurs

A

crocs, relative

pterosaurs, dinos + birds

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5
Q

what are the derived characters / synapomorphies of the archosaurs

A

teeth in sockets

anti-orbital and mandibular fenestrae aka skull

fourth trochanter (FEMUR)

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6
Q

The anti-orbital and mandibular fenestrae (skull) or archosaurs are designed for what…

A

help reduce weight of skull in early archosaurs

basically just openings in front of the eyes and jaw

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7
Q

what helped archosaurs develop that bipedal gait…

without this, dinos may have never even evolved

A

the fourth trochanter / femur

better muscle attachment

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8
Q

synapsids are mammal-like reptiles that were replaced by archosaurs after the permian extinction. Why did archosaurs do better than the synapsids in this time, leading to them being able to radiate in the triassic?

A

it was dryer and reptile have better water conservation than mammal-like reptiles

erect limbs

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9
Q

Crocodilians… write out the lineage

A

class reptilian
subclass diapsida
superorder archosauria
order crocodilian

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10
Q

crocodilians are descendants from..

A

thecodonts

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11
Q

the crocodilians are the only surviving what of the archosauria lineage

A

non avian reptiles

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12
Q

what gave rise to the mesozoic diversification of dinos and birds

A

crocodilians

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13
Q

order crocodilians differ littler from primitive croc in the early mesozoic.. what are some key features

A

teeth in sockets

long, reinforced skull + jaw muscles for strong bite

seocndary palate

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14
Q

crocodilians have a shared feature with mammals.. what is it

A

secondary palate

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15
Q

are crocs more closely related to birds or lizards

A

birds

part of superorder archosauria

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16
Q

are croc viviparous, ovivparous or ovoviviparous

A

oviparous

lay eggs in open nest sites

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17
Q

how is the croc sex determined

A

temp
opposite to turtles

high temp - males :-(
cold temp - females

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18
Q

what is a secondary palate

A

divide nasal cavity from mouth

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19
Q

what are the three families under order crocodilia

A

family crocodyliadae (crocs)

family alligatoridae (alligators + caimans)

family gavialidae (gharials)

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20
Q

what are caimans

A

family alligatoridae

small alligator-like, from south central america

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21
Q

what habitats do crocs live in

A

semi-aquatic
freshwater
tropics of Asia, Africa, Americas, Australia

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22
Q

what are the 2 species of alligator

A

american and Chinese alligators

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23
Q

what are gharials

A 
one species
native to india
semi-aquatic
thinner snout than crocs
lack jaw strength to catch larger prey
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24
Q

what’s the difference between cros and gators

A

different families

croc = long, narrow V shaped snout (fish + mammals)
gator = wider, U-shaped snouth (more crunch to eat turtles)

upper and lower jaws differ

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25
Q

how are the upper and lower jaws different in crocs and gators

A

crocs
- upper + lower same width so teeth exposed in interlocking pattern + enormous 4th tooth on lower

gators
- wider upper jaw so lower teeth concealed (fit into socket in upper jaw), enormous 4th tooth hidden in lower

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26
Q

how is crocs feeding different from gators

A

crocs - atach humans, cattle, deer, larger mammals

alligators less agressive
eat turtles

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27
Q

what allows the crocodilians to breath while eating or when opening mouths underwater

A

secondary palate

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28
Q

what does the secondary palate do anatomically

A

separates breathing tube from throat

extra protection for braincase

separate oral and nasal cavities (same as humans)

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29
Q

is crocodilians have a long snout, slender jaw and sharp teeth is was made to eat…

A

fish

has a weaker jaw

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30
Q

a wider snout with larger teeth is esigned to eat …

A

larger prey

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31
Q

how do crocodilians eat

A

death roll

rip shreds of flesh

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32
Q

crocodilians have complex mothering skills… list some key features / cool stuff

A

mother guards nest

when she hears the babies call inside the egg, she can puncture a tiny hole in egg to help them hatch + carry egg to the water

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33
Q

when dinosaurs roam the earth

A

triassic - jurassic - cretaceous (231 - 66 mya)

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34
Q

are dinos bipedal or quadrapedal

A

both

ancestrally bipedal, but could also be quadrupedal

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35
Q

what are the 3 groups of dinos that descended from the tecodonts

A

pterosaurs
ornithischians
saurischians

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36
Q

are pterosaurs dinos

A

NO

they are under superoder archosauria but they are no dinos

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37
Q

since pterosaurs were the first flying reptiles, are they related to birds…

A

nope, no direct ancestor to modern birds

they evolved from traissic to late cretaceous, about 50 mya before birds emerged

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38
Q

give an example of pterosaur

A

pteradactyl

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39
Q

what were the wings on pterosaurs like

A

elongated 4th finger
thin membranous wings
skin anchored along side of body

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40
Q

did pterosaurs have feathers/hair

A

no feathers

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41
Q

are crocodiles dinosaurs

A

nope

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42
Q

are dinos really extinct

A

technically no because birds are descendants of dinos

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43
Q

are dinos monophyletic

A

nope

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44
Q

what are the general unique characteristics of dinos

A

strong knee and ankle joint

upright stance

standing tall (carrier’s constraint and sprawling gait)

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45
Q

in bipedal thecodonts + crocs, ankles flex in swiveling motion. How is this different in birds and dinos

A

knee in simple hinge with peg-and-socket ankles gone

ankle bone firmly attached to shin

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46
Q

how does the stance of dinos differ from that of thecodonts/crocs

A

thecodonts - V-stance, legs angled out, leg bone/femur inward angle into hip - making hip socket

dinos - upright, legs beneath body, top of femur sharply inward, ball fits into hipbone socket, hipbone has no bone at all

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47
Q

what is the carrier’s constraint that lizards faced

A

can’t breathe when running because of side to side movement

moving stale air from one lung to the other
sideways movement so lizards can’t expand

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48
Q

how did dinosaurs adapt to the carrier’s constraint problem

A

sprawling gait

hipsocket faced sideways know at top of femur is at an angle

femur can point down instead of out to the side

all the weight is in line

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49
Q

in general. the dinos body evolved to stand tall by having an …

A

erect gait w two main hips

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50
Q

what are the two main groups of dinosaurs

A

ornithischian (bird hipped)

saurishcian (lizard hipped)

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51
Q

what is bird hipped

A

pubis is forward pointing

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52
Q

what is lizard hipped

A

pubic bone down and toward head

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53
Q

what group of dinosaur did modern birds evolve from

A

saurischians

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54
Q

herreasaurus was the oldest known…

A

dinosaur

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55
Q

triceratops, iguanadons, stegosaurs… these are all examples of what type of dinosaur

A

ornithischian

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56
Q

ornithischians - are the bipedal or qudrupedal

A

could be both

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57
Q

the beaked, herbivore dinosaurs, with a predentary bone in front of the lower jaw, usually hunted in large herds… what kind of dinosaur was this

A

ornithischians

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58
Q

were saurischians only carnivores

A

no, not all carnivores, but all carnivores were saurishcians

59
Q

what are the two groups of saurischians

A

theropods - bipedal carnivores

sauropods - qudrupedal herbivores

60
Q

what group of dinosaurs did all modern birds descend from

A

bipedal theropods

61
Q

who were the first land vertebrates to eat trees

A

sauropods

62
Q

sauropods don’t have hooves.. they have…

A

modified hand on forelimbs for weight support = thumb has CLAWS!!!

63
Q

what are some body characteristics of sauropods

A 
long neck
small head big body
long tail
forelimbs - like pillars, slender
hindlimbs - thick + straight w 5 toes
SIZE!!! h=they could be 5-6 ft or 100 ft
64
Q

what type of dinosaur is sometime called beast feet

A

theropods

65
Q

maniraptors, velociraotors,

T Rex… what kind of dinos are these

A

theropods

66
Q

what are some shared features of theropods with birds

A

furcular = wishbone
air filled bones - pneumatized
brooding eggs
feathers

67
Q

the dinosaur renaissance in the 60s changed the way we thought about dinos, which beforehand we thought they were pretty stupid. what were some of the reason why people started believing they were smart

A

social strucuture for hunting

braincase seemed to be increasing throughout theropod evolution
- cerebrum to brain ratio increasing

68
Q

what is the number one defining feature of modern birds

A

feathers

69
Q

what did feathers originally evolve for

A

thermoregulation, not flght

70
Q

why did dinos/saurischians have feathers

A

they were endothermic so feathers helped them regulate BT

71
Q

sinosaurpteryx was an early dinosaur known for having…

A

coloured feathers, fine feathers, no flight

72
Q

protoarchaeopteryx means before archaeopteryx… what kind of feathers did they have and why

A

vaned feathers

flightless, but potential gliders because they were arboreal and runners

73
Q

how was protoarchaeopteryx bird like

A

vaned feathers, no lfihgt but maybe glided
hollow, pneumatized bones
wishbone
symmetrical feather on tail

74
Q

how do we know the protoarchaeopteryx was flightless

A

it has symmetrical feathers on its tail and modern birds w this feature are flightless

75
Q

bird like dinosaurs have what common features

A 
feathers - downy or vaned 
long mobile S shaped neck
wishbone / furcular
lunate wrist bone - fold wing downward
grasping forelimb
saurischian like pelvis
76
Q

what was the first known bird, found 150 mya mid jurassic, discovered in the 1860s

A

archaeopteryx

77
Q

how were the archaeopteryx feather designed for flight

A

asymmetric
central support lift
leading edge to support lift

78
Q

what is the arboreal theory of the origin of flight

A

ancestors were tree climbers
jumped from branch to branch
gliding less energy and minimal wing flapping

up –> down

79
Q

what was the cursorial hypothesis about the origin of flight

A

flapping from ground bipedal runners

ground –> up

modern birds that do this

80
Q

the jesus christ lizard… what is it and how does it relate to the origin of flight

A

all the archaeopteryx fossils came from marine sediment

suggests that flight helped them fly over the water

81
Q

what are the features of a feather

A

hollow quill (calamus)

barbs on rachis / shaft

vane
- hundreds of barbs make flat, webbed surface

82
Q

what are feathers / where do they come from / how are they made

A

venations of epidermis

quill emerges from skin follicle

83
Q

birds feathers are homologous to…

A

reptile scales

rachis / shaft and barbs - they keratinize near end of growth

84
Q

type of feathers:
remiges are…
rectrices are…

A

remiges - wing feathers

rectrices - tail feathers

85
Q

the skeleton of birds was inherited from a basal theropod dinosaurs. what makes the skeleton so light

A

hollow, pneumatized bones

86
Q

how has the skeleton of birds been adapted for flight - the wishbone / furcular

A

stores energy while it flaps during wing beats

87
Q

how has the skeleton of birds been adapted for flight - the pelvic girdle

A

more rigid, supports legs

88
Q

how has the skeleton of birds been adapted for flight - the ribs

A

fused w vertebrae, pectoral girdle, sternum

89
Q

how has the skeleton of birds been adapted for flight - the lunate wrist

A

multiple carpal bones
swivelling motion while flying

rotates wing to hover

90
Q

how has the skeleton of birds been adapted for flight - keel on sternum

A

secure attachment of larger pectoral muscles

used to beat wings

91
Q

briefly describe how a birds skeleton is adapted for flight

A

rigide vertebrae
wishbone / furcular store E during wing beats
lunate wrist - helps hover and swiveling motion w carpal bones
keel on sternum - muscle attachment of pectoral muscles - wing beats
ribs fused w vertebrae, pectoral girdle, sternum - more rigid

92
Q

how has the skull and jaw changed in birds

A

skull fused into one piece
- they are diapsid, but so specialized its hard to eben tell anymore

toothless (archaeopteryx has teeth, modern birds don’t) - they have keratinized beaks

93
Q

the flying muscles - which muscles depress the wing in flight

A

pectoralis muscles

94
Q

the flying muscles - which muscles raisse the wing + where is it attached to

A

supracoracoideus muscle

attached to keel

95
Q

what are the important muscles involved in flight

A

pectoralis
supracoracoideus
leg muscles to connect feet and toes
muscles to control tai;

96
Q

do the feet of birds have muscles

A

no

they depend on tightening of tendons to perch + keep weight down

97
Q

the digestive system of birds involve the crop, gizzard and cloaca … explain each

A

crop - stores food at lower esophagus

gizzard - grinds food

cloaca - poops it out

98
Q

what kind of heart do birds have

A

4 chambers

99
Q

birds have small lungs which could make respiration hard to keep up with high metabolic demand… what do they use instead

A

air sacs instead

100
Q

the tube like passages in the air sacs of birds are called

A

parabronchii

101
Q

where do the air sacs of birds extend into

A

throax, abdomen, long bones

102
Q

eplain the breathing air sac mechanism of birds

A

inspiration

  • air bypass lungs
  • air flows into air sac, bellows ventilated lungs

exiration - oxygenated air flow through the lungs and out

air flow in one coninuour direction

103
Q

why do birds have the most efficient respiratory system of any land vertebrate

A

air flow in one direction

greater quantity of oxygen on inhale

104
Q

how do bird excrete + save water

A

uric acid

no bladder

105
Q

the nervous system of birds has well developped..

A

cerebral hemisphere, cerebellum, optic lobes

106
Q

birds nervous system has what large ratio

A

large brain to body ratio

107
Q

the medulla is part of the brainstem that controls…

A

heart rate, respiration ,blood pressure

108
Q

do birds have a good sense of smell + taste

A

nope they got tiny olfacotry lobes so they no smell good

good taste in carnivorous birds, flightless birds,

109
Q

who has the most advanced eyes in the animal kingdom? Bird!! tell me about bird eyes

A

mostly immobile
birds of prey - forward facing eyes - better depth perception
rods and cones - rods for night, cones for the day
unique thing called PECTIN - for oxygen and nutrients
fovea

110
Q

what are fovea

A

keen vision spots on the retina

found in birds

111
Q

what are the two things birds need to do to fly

A

generate enough force to exceed mass

propulsion to keep moving

112
Q

how are the wings of birds adapted for flight

A

streamlined
concaved lower surface (cambered)
leading edge has small, flight feathers
designed so air can move smoothly over wing to make lift w little drag

113
Q

some lift is created by the positive pressure underneath the bird’s wing, but most of the lift is generated from…

A

negaive pressure above the wing

- airstream travel farther and farther over the convex surface of wing

114
Q

how do birds glide

A

vertical and forward force from wings

llift force is at right angle to air flow

115
Q

explain the motion of flapping for a bird

A

wings make more lift w flap by rotating forward

adds thrust
counteracts drag
down and up stroke that folds slightly inwards

116
Q

why do bird fold slightly inwards when flapping

A

to reduce energetic cost of flapping

117
Q

how is stalling prevented in flight

A

wing slot along leading edge - direct rapid moving air across leading surface

118
Q

what are wing slots

A

move air across leading surface

119
Q

what is an alula

A

group of small feathers on thumb, makes a midwing slot

120
Q

what are the two forces needed for flapping flight

A

vertical lift and horizontal thrust

121
Q

which forces for flapping flight are primary and which secondary

A

vertical lift - secondaries

horizontal thrust - primaries

122
Q

what parts of the wing to the primaries and secondaires make up

A

upper convex and lower concave surface of wing

123
Q

explain how the primaries and secondaries work together in flapping flight

A

greatest amount of power in down stroke
primary feather bens up + twists at steep angle
in the upstroke - primary feather bend so upper surface twists and makes thrust

124
Q

how can you generate thrust from lift?

A

tip direction of lift forward

thrust comes from the wingtip

125
Q

are birds monogamous or polygamous

A

polygamous, lots of mating going on with these lil birdies

126
Q

what birds are mean and steal things from other birds, and are found on the galapogos, also called pirate birds

A

frigate birds

127
Q

what sweeps out the sperm from previous mates in argentina lake ducks when males mate with the corkscrew vagina females

A

bristle on end of penis sweep out sperm

128
Q

do birds have a penis

A

most lack a penis and use their cloacal surface in contact to mate

129
Q

precocial birds have what type of young

A

ready to go

covered in downy fethers, eye open, can feed and run or swim as soon as they’re born

130
Q

altricial birds are..

A

naked and afraid

helpless, not mobile, naked, must be fed in nest

131
Q

what kind of young to gulls make

A

intermediate btw altricial and precocial birds

132
Q

the modern birds are the… what order…

A

order neornithes

133
Q

when did the order neornithes evolve

A

cenozoic/paleozoic - after the K-T explosion 66mya

134
Q

what are the 2 superorders of neornithes

A

paleognathae (ratites, ratite-like birds)

neognathae (divided further)

135
Q

what superorder is considered to have the old jaws…

A

superorder paleognathae or the neornithes

136
Q

what kind of birds were the paleognathae of the neornithes…

A

ratites

flightless, largest living birds

ostriches, exticnt moa bird, tinamous

137
Q

what bird has a primitive palate and a flat sternum and is the largest birds that are alive today

A

paleognathae of the neornithes

138
Q

what superorder of birds is considered to be new jaw

A

neognathae

139
Q

what are the two main groups of the neognathae

A

galloanserae - fowl birds

neoaves - most other birds

140
Q

what are the two orders of galloanserae (superorder neognathae of the neornithes)

A

anseriformes - ducks

galliformes - chickens, quail, goose, phaesants, turkeys, ptarmingans, grouse

141
Q

galloanserae are the fowl birds, explain the type of birds in the two groups of galloanserae

A

anseriformes - water fowl birds

galliformes - good runner, not flyer, almost in every environment all around the world

142
Q

the passeriformes belong to what group of the neognathae

A

neoaves

143
Q

classify perching birds

A

order neornithes, superorder neognathae, neoaves - passeriformes

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