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Deuterstomes Flashcards

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1
Q

What are key features of a deuterstome

A

Radial cleavage

Regulative - each cell if split could make a complete embryo

Blastopore - anus first, mouth second

Coelom formation - out pocketing of mesoderm

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2
Q

The deuterstomes may be united by 4 embryological featuresbut they also share another feature from some point in their develpment/fossil record. What is this feature?

A

GILL SLITS IN PHARYNX

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3
Q

How is the coelom formation of deuterstomes different than protostomes?

A

Enterocoelous development = Coelom formed my out pocketing or mesoderm

Protos = meso splits making coelom, schizocoelom development

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4
Q

How is the blastopore fate different in deuters than protos

A

Deuters - anus first

Protos - mouth first

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5
Q

How is the regulativ / imdeterminate feature of deuters different in protos

A

Deuters - any cell can make embryo

Proto - fate of cell determined after first cleavage, one cell can only make one part of animal

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6
Q

Echinoderms are marine, freshwater, terretrial ?

A

Exclusively marine

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7
Q

What did echinoderms lose secondarily?

A

Cephalization

- no head, no brain, no heart, no bilateral symmetry

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8
Q

What are 5 unique features of phylum echinodermata of the deuterstomes?

A
  1. Calcareous endoskeleton
  2. Water vascular system
  3. Pedicellariae
  4. Dermal branchaie
  5. Pentaradial symmetry in adults
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9
Q

What type of symmetry to echinoderms have?

A

Penta-radial

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10
Q

Echinoderms - endoskeleton

What are ossicles

A

Calcareous plates

Held together by catch collagen

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11
Q

What is catch collagen?

Exoskeleton of echinoderms

A

Hold plates together (ossicles)

Can go from liquid to solid
Allows them to hold a shape for a long time

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12
Q

Endoskeleton of echinoderms

What is the stereom?

A

Unique coelomic cavity

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13
Q

What are two importsnt features of the Mesodermal exoskeleton of echinoderms?

A

Ossicles + stereom

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14
Q

The water vascular system is unique to echinoderms. How does the hydraulic system work?

Use following terms; podia, madreporite

A

Canals + tube feet (podia)

Open on one end - madreporite

Fluid moves through canals -> tube feet

Tube feet have muscular + neural control

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15
Q

WVS of echinoderms

What do the tube feet do?

A

Can open mussel shell + climb surfaces

Have muscle and neural control

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16
Q

WVS of echinoderms

What are the ampullae

A

At the top of each tube foot, extends the tube foot

Muscles to pump out water

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17
Q

Basic overview of WVS in echinoderms

A 
Canals + tube feet
Madreporite - open on one end
Fluid -> canals -> tube feet 
Ampullae extend tube foot
Pump water out
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18
Q

One key feature of the echinoderms is its pedicellariae… what is this

A

Cleaning, food capture, defence

At base of spine on aboral surface

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19
Q

One key feature of the echinoderms is their papulae.. what is this

A

Dermal branchiae

Skin gills

Projection of thin walled coelom

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20
Q

This feature of the echinoderm;

Thin epidermis on outside + peritoneum (mesoderm layer) on inside, projection lf thin-walled coelom, helps increase SA for respiration…

What feature is this

A

Papulae = skin gill / dermal branchiae

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21
Q

Pentaradial symmetry of echinoderms came from a bilateral ancestor. Which side is the mouth on?

A

oral

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22
Q

What is the ambulacra? It is a key feature of the echinoderms

A

Band that tube feet project out of

Goes from mouth -> end of arms

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23
Q

What is the nervous system of echinoderms like?

A

No ganglia, no brain

They have nerve rings, radial nerves, epidermal nerve net

Sensory cells + eyespots

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24
Q

What is larval development of sea-stars?

A
  1. Deuterstomes embryology (anus first)
  2. Free swimming larvae
  3. Larvae with early tube feet
  4. Metamorphosis to adult form

*they all start of bilateral —> adult are penta-radial

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25
Why do echinoderms regenerate? What is this called?
Escape predators + replace da,aged parts Autotomy
26
What are the 2 processes of regeneration
Regeneration - adult stem cells move to make new tissue + stucture De-differentiation - totipotent cells
27
You only 1/5 of what and the arm of a sea star to regenerate
1/5 of central disk + arm
28
Fargmentation in echinoderms is what? Why is it sometime’s called Aristotle’s comet?
Asexual reproduction Cast off arm without central body Arm can slowly grow into new body Looks like shooting star
29
What are the 5 classes of echinoderms A-C-E-H-O
``` Asteroidea Crinoidea Echinoidea Holothuroidea Ophiuroidea ```
30
What class do sea starts belong to?
Asteroidea
31
What is the basic form of class asteroidea
Central disc + 5 arms (or 7..sometimes 50)
32
What class has the largest group of echinoderms?
Asteroidea
33
Pisaster ochraceus - a purple intertidal sea star control b.c mussels populations Stichaster australis reed sea star causes corl bleaching and can kill entire reefs What kind of species are these?
Keystone species
34
Give an example of a deadly sea star
Crown of thorns Harmful to reefs
35
Sea star wasting disease cause white lesions, thw WVS stops, fragmentation starts happening and the star usually dies. Whats causing this?
Warmer temperatures and densovirus
36
What is the oldest class of echinoderms with most extinct species?
Class crinoidea
37
Sea lilies and feather stars belong to which class of echinoderms
Crinoidea
38
Class crinoidea lacks three things... what are they
Pedicellariae Madreporite Spines
39
Echinoderms of class crinoidea usually attach to a substrate. How to feather stars and sea lilies differ in how they attach?
Sea lilies - stalked crinoid’ Feather star - short stalk
40
Which side is the oral side of echinoderms in class Crinoidea?
Oral side = faces up
41
What class do sea urchins, sand dollar, heart urchins belong to in the echinoderms?
Class echinoidea
42
Class echinoidea - do they have ossicles?
Yes, they have ossicles as plates
43
How do sea urchins move? How do sand dollar move? Class echinoidea
Sea urchins - spines + tube feet Sand dollar - shorter spines
44
What is the Aristotle’s lantern structure in sea urchins?
5 part tooth strucutre
45
Where do echinoidea keep venom?
In spines + pedicellariae
46
What class do the sea cucumbers belong to?
Class holothuroidea
47
What gives sea cucumbers (class holothuroidea, phylum echinodermata) their leathery body?
Catch collagen
48
Does class holothuroidea have ossicles?
Yes, but they’re reduced
49
How do sea cucumbers move?
Tube feet for benthic crawling
50
Sea cucumbers have a spacious coelomic cavity... what type of skeleton do they have?
Hydrostatic skeleton Have a WVS + tube feet
51
Sea cucumbers have a cloca.. what is it?
Large hole that opens internal body cavity Respiration + digestion
52
How do sea cucumbers defend themselves?
Inflate with water quickly | Noxious sticky chemicals that can regenerate
53
Sea cucumbers can get off the bottom, making them a benthopelagic species. How can they do this?
Same density as sea water Flap tube feet and can float 1000m in water Only true pelagic species
54
Brittle and basket stars belong to what class of echinoderms
Ophiuroidea
55
Class ophiuroidea They have suspension feeders that feed with the oral side up... this helps make dense...
Carpets Wave arms to collect food on tube feet
56
How do brittle and basket stars of class Ophiuroidea move
Flexible arms Closed ambulacra, grooves Tube feet for feeding
57
What are some feature that class ophiuroidea is missing?
No pedicellariae No papulae No anus No gills
58
Why don’t animals of class ophiuroidea (brittle and basket stars) have an anus nor gills?
Small enough to use water coming through bursal slits
59
What are the 5 key body transitions of echinoderms
``` Organ Penta-radial symmetry Eucoelomate Triploblast - deuterstome No ```
60
Why is the name phylum Hemichordata misleading?
More closely related to echinoderms than chordates Example - thought to have notochord but is actually invagination of mouth cavity called stomochord Not homogenous with chordates
61
What are some key features of phylum hemichordata
Gill slits 3 part coelom Stomochord
62
What are the two classes of phylum hemichordata Enter peter
Enteropneusta Pterobranchia
63
What class do acorn worm belong to? This class is also all marine and the animals are solitary
Enteropneusta
64
What class of hemichordata dl the tube-dwelling, mostly colonial, marine animals belong to? They have an extinct species called graptolites
Pterobranchia

Animal Diversity (9 decks)

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