Amphibians

Question 1

What are life history strategies

Answer 1

Patterns of resource acquisition and allocation exhibited by organisms during their lives

Question 2

How did life history strategies evolve

Answer 2

Through natural selection to maximise individual fitness

Question 3

How many generations did it take to grow from a mouse to an elephant

Answer 3

24 million

Question 4

What are components of life history

Answer 4

Growth
Development
Maintenance
Survival 
Reproduction

Factors which influence fitness

Question 5

What is the Darwinian demon

Answer 5

Hypothetical organism that can maximise all aspects of fitness simultaneously

Question 6

Why do biologists use the Darwinian demon

Answer 6

To understand different life history strategies of different organisms

Question 7

Why are not all resources maximised

Answer 7

Think of it as you’ve only got a certain amount of money but you’ve got to maximise reproductiion, growth, Maintenance etc

Don’t have enough money to maximise all at the same time

Question 8

What is the idea of trade off

Answer 8

Energy is limited so energy allocated to one function is not available for another

Question 9

What is a iteroparous

Answer 9

Atlantic salmon

Question 10

What is the semelparous

Answer 10

Sockeye salmon

Question 11

How does the Atlantic salmon allocate its energy

Answer 11

In reproduction and survival

Reproduces many times

Question 12

How does the sockeye salmon invest its energy

Answer 12

All into reproduction

Reproduces ones then dies - no energy left for survival

Question 13

In breeding attempts what is there a trade off between

Answer 13

Quality and quantity

Question 14

Explain the trade off between quality and quantity for ocean sunfish

Answer 14

They produce millions of eggs
Most eggs will be eaten or die
Because lots are produce high chance a couple will survive

Focuses of quantity not quality

Question 15

Describe the breeding trade off for Lemon sharks

Answer 15

Gives birth to a few live young
Invest a lot into offspring so they survive

Focuses on quality over quantity

Question 16

Rhinatrematidae

Answer 16

Caecilians

Question 17

How many species of rhinatrematidae

Answer 17

9

Question 18

Ichthyophidae

Answer 18

Caecilians

Question 19

How many species of ichthyophidae

Answer 19

36

Question 20

Uraeotyphlidae

Answer 20

Caecilians

Question 21

Have many species of uraeotyphlidae

Answer 21

4

Question 22

Scolecomorphidae

Answer 22

Caecilians

Question 23

How many species scolecomorphidae

Answer 23

5

Question 24

Caeciliidae

Answer 24

Caecilians

Question 25

How many species of caeciliidae

Answer 25

100

Question 26

Land preference of rhinatrematidae

Answer 26

Terrestrial with aquatic larvae

Question 27

Land preference of ichthyophidae

Answer 27

Terrestrial with aquatic larvae

Question 28

Land preference of uraeotyphlidae

Answer 28

Terrestrial

Question 29

Land preference of scolecomorphidae

Answer 29

Terrestrial

Question 30

Type of reproduction of scolecomorphidae

Answer 30

Viviparous

Question 31

Land preference of caeciliidae

Answer 31

Terrestrial with aquatic oviparous and viviparous species

Question 32

How big are caecilians at birth

Answer 32

30-60% of the mothers body length

Question 33

What is the initial growth of the caecilians supported by

Answer 33

Yolk

Question 34

How to embryos of caecilians feed

Answer 34

Scraping the oviduct walls with specialised embryonic teeth

Question 35

What does the epithelium of the oviduct in caecilians mother’s oroduce

Answer 35

Creamy substance

Question 36

Explain how caecilians focus on quality trade off rather than quantity

Answer 36

Produce 1 or 2 offspring Huge energy investment by mum Maximises survival of offspring

Question 37

What % of salamanders have external fertilisation

Answer 37

10

Question 38

What % of salamanders have internal fertilisation

Answer 38

90

Question 39

Do salamanders have an intromittent organ

Answer 39

No

Question 40

How do salamanders reproduce

Answer 40

Male produces spermatophore which sticks to sediment Male waltz with female Male places female cloaca over spermatophore

Question 41

How do male salamanders turn on females

Answer 41

Bites female to release hormones Or Releases hormones into the water

Question 42

How do most salamanders give birth

Answer 42

Lay eggs in water

Question 43

Are the larvae of salamanders gill and aquatic and then turn into terrestrial adults

Answer 43

Yes

Question 44

How many species of salamander are viviparous

Answer 44

4

Question 45

How does the European salamander give birth

Answer 45

Gives birth to small larvae which get their nutrition from yolk Yolk pouch is carried around

Question 46

How do alpine salamanders give birth

Answer 46

Larvae retained in female | Female gives birth to fully developed young

Question 47

Where does the young of alpine salamanders get their nutrition from

Answer 47

Oviductal secretions

Question 48

What is paedomorphosis

Answer 48

Has juvenile features as adult

Question 49

How do axolottles turn into adukts

Answer 49

Add iodine to their water

Question 50

How many species of anurans have internal fertilisation and are viviparous

Answer 50

6

Question 51

What % of anurans don’t have a tadpole stage

Answer 51

20%

Question 52

Explain anuran parental care

Answer 52

Yolk eggs to nourish larvae Lay eggs on leaves or in nests Adults guard eggs

Question 53

How do dart poison frogs show parental care

Answer 53

1-3 offspring Carry tadpoles on back Feed them unfertilised eggs

Question 54

How do pygmy marsupial frogs show parental care

Answer 54

Skin is spongy on back Female brooks eggs on her back under the skin until developed into a well formed tadpole Goes into water Tadpoles emerge from skin on back Produces 8-10 off spring

Question 55

What do variations in life history reflect

Answer 55

Differing allocations of resources to competing life functions

Question 56

What are life history strategies

Answer 56

Adaptive strategies that maximise individual fitness