Plants Flashcards
(236 cards)
1
Q
what is a prochloron
A
unicellular oxygenic photosynthetic prokaryote
2
Q
where are prochlorons found
A
as an extracellular symbiont on coral reefs
3
Q
what is a chlorophyte
A
green algae
4
Q
what are the ancestors of land plants
A
chlorophyta
5
Q
where are chlorophyta found
A
fresh water and marine waters
6
Q
what do chlorophyta have
A
filaments and fronds
7
Q
what are the ancestors of true plants
A
charophytes
8
Q
where are charophytes found
A
shallow waters
9
Q
how are charophytes adapted to shallow waters
A
can survive drying out
ideal pressure for evolving into land plants
10
Q
what is a Coleochaete orbicularis
A
charophyte
11
Q
what is a Chara
A
charophyte
12
Q
how have plants adapted to life on earth
A
strength eg tree trunk big eg grow tall resist water loos eg guard cells resist herbivores eg thorns make msot of terrestrial vectors eg pollination
13
Q
what are the uses of plants vacuoles
A
store excess salts to prevent shrivelling
maintain rigidity inside cell
14
Q
what is the main conducting element in pteridophytes & gymnosperms
A
tracheids
15
Q
what is the main conducting element in angiosperms
A
vessels
16
Q
what type of skeleton does a vacuole have
A
hydrostatic
17
Q
what alters the chemical properties of chloroplasts
A
Small changes in the structure of chlorophyll alter the wavelength of light absorbed
18
Q
which way do the grana of chloroplasts move
A
toward the direction of light
19
Q
what are the three photosynthetic pigments
A
carotenoids
chlorophyll a
chlorophyll b
20
Q
what colours do chlorophyll a absorb
A
red and violet
21
Q
what colours do chlorophyll a reflect
A
green
22
Q
what colours do chlorophyll b absorb
A
blue
23
Q
what colours do chlorophyll b reflect
A
violet
yellow
red
24
Q
what colours do carotenoids absorb
A
blue and green
25
what colours do carotenoids reflect
yellow and red
26
what are plant walls strengthened with
lignin
27
what are plant cell walls made of
cellulose - polysaccharide
28
what form of carbon fixation forms 3 phoshpglycerate
C3
29
what does C3 carbon fixation form
3 phosphoglycerate
30
when did C3 carbon fixation evolve
3 billion years ago
31
under what circumstances did C3 carbon fixation evolve
high CO2 low O2
32
when does C4 carbon fixation occur
prefaces calvin cycle
33
what does c4 carbon fixation produce
malate - 4c product
34
where is malate produced
in mesophyll cells during c4 carbon fixation
35
where is the co2 from c4 carbon fixation stored
in bundles of sheath cells
36
what is the gametophyte dominant in
bryophytes
37
what evolutionary innovations enabled seed plants to outcompete ferns and other seedless plants that dominated through the end of the carboniferous period
reduced, dependant gametophytes
38
what feature distinguishes angiosperms from gymnosperms
angiosperms are held within an ovary
39
why is CO2 and malate stored in mesophyll cells
these are used in the calvin cycle which occur in mesophyll cells
40
how does initial c-fixation occur
via RuBisCo - adds co2 to ribulose biphosphate
41
what happens to c3 plants on hot. dry days
stomata partially close so less sugar produced and decreased levels of co2 in leaves which starve the calvin cycle
42
what happens in the calvin cycle if CO2 is scarce
RuBisCo adds o2 to ribulose biphosphate instead of co2. A 2C compound is formed which leaves the cholorplasts
43
what happens in photorespiration
CO2 is released
44
the releasing of CO2 does what to ATP
is consumed not made
45
agricultural uses of c3 plants
rice
wheat
soybeans
46
agricultural uses of c4 plants
sugarcane & corn, species in Poaceae
47
c4 plants evolved as a result of plants adapting to what
high light intensities
high temperatures
dryness
48
how do c4 plants eliminate photorespiration
concentrating co2 in bundle sheath cells
49
where do c4 plants dominate
grassland floras & biomass production in the warmer climates of the tropical & subtropical regions
50
what does CAM stand for
Crassulacean Acid Metabolism
51
where do mesophyll cells store oxaloacetate
in the vacuole until morning
52
when does the calvin cycle occur in CAM plants
in the day when stomata are closed
53
what are the two life cycles of plants
gametophyte
| sporophyte
54
how are gametophytes formed
haploid spores germinate producing a gametophyte via mitosis
55
how are sporophytes formed
gametes fuse together in the archegonia forming a zygote which grows via mitosis to form a sporophyte
56
how/where do gametophytes form gametes
in gametangia via osmosis
57
where are male gametophyte gametes produced
antheridia
58
where are female gamtophyte gametes produced
archegonia
59
what happens in the sporangia
sporophytes produce 1n spores by meisosis
60
down side to Gametophytes
sensitive to stress
| dependant on moisture
61
advantages of Gametophyte
encourages outbreeding - maximises chances of new combination of genes
(1 set of same chromosomes causes vulnerability)
62
what are embryophytes
true plants
63
what are the charactristics of true plants
mutlicellular dependant embryos
apical meristems
walled spores produced in sporangia
64
what are apical meristems
Localised regions of cell division producing longitudinal growth in plant organs
65
how many phyla in extant land plants
10
66
how many phyla of Bryophytes
3
67
how many phyla of Pteridophytes
2
68
how many phyla of Gymnosperms
4
69
how many phyla of Angiosperms
1
70
the evolution of embryos in plants formed
Bryophytes
71
the evolution of flowers in plants formed
angiosperms
72
the evolution of a vascular system in plants formed
Pteridophytes
73
the evolution of seeds in plants formed
gymnosperms
74
nonvascular plants are
Bryophytes
75
vascular seedless plants are
lycophytes
| pteridophytes
76
vascular seeded plants are
angiosperms
gymnosperms
spermatophyta
77
out of c3, c4 and cam plants, which would stand to gain more from increasing co2 levels
C3
78
when is chlorophyll b used
in autumn
79
what evolved in plants 432-476 million years ago
embryos evolved
80
what first appeared in fossil records 432-476 millions years ago
spore tetrads
| cuticles
81
what does the forming of embryos and spore tetrads represent
extinct lineages between charophytes and liverworts
82
what happened to plants 402-432 million years ago
decline in spore tetra diversity
| rise in dominance of individually dispersed simple spores
83
what happened to plants 256-398 million years ago
diversity of spores and megafossils increased
| increase in vascular plant diversity
84
what is sporopollenin
decay resistant spore cell walls
85
why were land plants small 402-432 million years ago
no lignen structure
86
why did plants grow tall
competition for sunlight
87
what are the important trends in plants evolution
Less dependence on water
Increase in size, especially height
Increased exploitation of vectors for dispersal
Changes in life cycle - Increasing dominance of less vulnerable stages
88
what plants are in the bryophytes group
liverworts
hornworts
mosses
89
The first true plants (Embryophytes) to evolve
Bryophytes
90
byrophytes have three separate evolutionary lines meaning they are
not monophyletic
91
which bryophyte is most closely related to vascular plants
mosses
92
where is the stomata on moss
on the sporophyte
93
characteristics of bryophytes
```
small
thrives in moist conditions
can survive dry periods
sporophyte grows/dependant on gametophyte
gametophyte is dominant stage
no true roots, stem or leaves
needs water for fertilisation
```
94
how do bryophytes use water for fertilisation
sperm swims in water to find egg
95
what are the three living phyla of byrophytes
hepatophyta
bryophyta
anthocerophyta
96
what are the two types of liverwort
thalloid liverwort
| leafy liverwort
97
characteristics of thalloid liverwort
no leaf life structures
flat thallus
rhizoids on lower surface
98
what are rhizoids
collection of cells which form a filament
99
characteristics of leafy liverwort
no true stem or leaves but leaf/stem like structures
100
why cant liverworts adapt to changes in the environment
no stomata
101
how does the gametophyte of a moss start
protonema
102
what are the two types of moss
arcocarpous and pleurocarpous
103
characteristics of arcocarpous moss
archegonia and capsules borne at tips of stems and branches
| once fruited, branches take over erect growth
104
what are the characteristics of pleurocarpous
archegonia and capsuls borne on short lateral branches - not tips of branches
form carpets not erect growth
105
what is the defining component of peat bogs
Sphagnopsida (Sphagnums)
106
why are peat bogs important
```
cover 3% of worlds area
contain 30% of all global soil carbon
fuel
occur in over 180 countries
represent 1/3 of global wetland resource
```
107
what is the most common type of byrophyte
byropsida
108
what is a Anthoceros
hornwort
109
what classes make up the phyla pterophyta
sphenopsida
filicopsida
psilotopsida
110
what are the first true vascular plants
pteridophytes
111
what do tracheids enable
transport of water and mineral salts
112
what are the common characteristics of pteridophytes
sporophyte dominant
true roots, shoot and leaves
true vascular system
113
what does the xlyem in pteridophytes do
transports water and minerals from soil to shoot
| provides woody skeleten - bigger and stronger
114
what does the phloem in pteridophytes do
conducts photosynthate from leaves to rest of plant
115
why do pteridophytes prefer shady moist conditions
needed for reproduction - sperm swim in water to egg
116
why is the pteridophytes exploitation of drier areas limited
water needed for reproduction
117
what phyla make up the pteridophytes
Lycopodiophyta
| Pterophyta
118
what is a Psilotopsida
whisk fern
119
what is a Sphenopsida
horsetail plant
120
what is a Filicopsida
fern
121
what are the oldest extant plants
lycopodiophyta
122
characteristics of lycophyta
stems on horizontal rhizomes
small microphyllous leaves - supported by a single strand of vascular tissue
sporophyte dominant
123
where are sporangia found on lycophyta
sporophylls grouped into stoboli
124
what is a Selaginella
lycophyta
125
what is a Lycopodium
lycophyta
126
what are the families of Psilotopsida
Psilotaceae and Ophioglossaceae
127
what is a Psilotum
Psilotopsida
128
what is a Tmesipteris
Psilotopsida
129
how do Sphenopsida survive in marshy environments
have hollow stems which conduct air to roots growing in anaerobic environment
130
what is a Equisetum arvense
horsetail
131
what is a Equisetum telamatia
horsetail
132
what is the largest group of pterophyta
ferns - filicopsida
133
what is Circinate vernation
the manner in which a fern frond emerges
134
why do fern fronds curl
As the fern frond is formed, it is tightly curled so that the tender growing tip of the frond (and each subdivision of the frond) is protected within a coil.
135
where are sporangia on ferns
under leaves
leaf msrgins
special branches
136
what do some sporangia of ferns do with spores
catapult spores away from leaves into airstream
137
what is a Azolla
water fern
138
what is a Marsilea
water fern
139
what is a Salvinia
water fern
140
what is a Osmunda
fern
141
what is a Ophioglossum
fern
142
do angiosperms have naked or enclosed seeds
enclosed
143
do gymnosperms have naked or enclosed seeds
naked
144
what are angiosperms enclosed in
ovary
145
how many living plants are angiosperms
90%
146
Why did the gymnosperms begin to outcompete seedless vascular plants?
their stomata closed preventing water loss
147
describe the vascular system of spermatophyta
phloem has companion cells and sieve tubes
| secondary xylem - wood for trees
148
how do spermatophyta reproduce
pollen carried to stigma then get carried by wind or animals
149
advantages of reproducing by seeds
full exploitation of terrestrial areas
150
what protects the gametophyte of spermatophytes
sporophyte
151
where is the male gametophyte in spermatophytes
integrated into pollen grain - microspore
152
where is the female gametophyte in spermatophytes
integretaed into ovule - megaspore
153
describe the seed structure of gymnosperms
on layer of integument - no protection
154
describe the seed structure of angiosperms
two layers of integuments inside an ovary - protection
155
5 traits of seed plants
```
ovules
seeds
pollen
heterospory
reduced gametophytes
```
156
advantages of seeds over spores
survive better than unprotected spores
| can be transported long distances
157
advantages of seed plants using pollen
dont need water for reproduction
| can survive away from water
158
what is a cycad
gymnosperm
159
what is a gingko
gymnosperm
160
what is a conifer
gymnosperm
161
gnetophyta
gymnosperm
162
gymnosperms have no true flowers so have no
petals
163
where are microsporophylls arranged
in male cones in gymnosperms
164
where are megasporophylls arranged
in female cones in gymnosperms
165
where are seeds borne in gymnsperms
megasporophylls
166
what shurbs and trees
gymnosperms
167
how are gymnosperms often pollinated
by wind
168
what is a Ginkgo biloba
Gingkophyta - gymnosperm
169
what is the only species of Gingkophyta
ginkgo biloba
170
cycadophyta plants are dioecious - what does this mean
plant is either all male or all female
171
how many genera of gnetophyta
3
172
what is a Welwitschia
gnetophyta - gymnosperm
173
what is a Gnetum
gnetophyta - gymnosperm
174
what is a Ephedra
gnetophyta - gymnosperm
175
how are the sporophylls in Welwitschia mirabilis organised
male and female strobili
176
what is a Welwitschia mirabilis
gnetophyta
177
characteristics of gnetum
broad leaves
woody stems
seeds not borne in cones
178
what is the gnetum the genus of
tropical vines and trees
179
characteristics of conifers
needle like leaves
| thick cuticles
180
is a conifer a xerophyte
yes
181
what conditions are conifers adapted to
frozen soil
| hot and dry
182
what is the oldest living organism
Pinus longaeva - conifer
183
tallest living organism
Sequoiadendron gigantum - conifer
184
what is a bitegmic ovule
angiosperm
185
what is an endosperm
angiosperm
186
what is a carpel
angiosperm
187
what is the closest living relative to angiosperms
gnetophyta
188
what is the name of the only phyla of angiosperms
anthophyta
189
what two groups are angiosperms split into
Dicotyledons
| Monocotyledons
190
describe the embryo of monocots
one cotyledon
191
describe the veins of monocots
parallel
192
describe the vascular bundle arrangement in monocots
complex
193
describe the roots in monocots
fibrous
194
describe the floral parts o monocots
mutliples of three
195
describe the embryo of dicots
two cotyledon
196
describe the veins of monocots
netlike
197
describe the vascular bundle arrangement in dicots
ring
198
describe the roots in dicots
taproot
199
describe the floral parts in dicots
multiples of four or five
200
1/3 of angiosperms are
monocots
201
2/3 of angiosperms are
dicotsw
202
describe double fertilisation in angiosperms
Two sperm cells are discharged into the female gametophyte
1 sperm fertilizes the egg (forms diploid zygote)
1 sperm fuses with 2 nuclei in large central cell of the female gametophyte (forms a triploid cell, i.e. the endosperm)
203
what is the triploid cell in angiosperms
endosperm
204
characteristics of angiosperms
colourful petals
205
why do angiosperms have colourful petals
signal to vectors for pollination
206
structure of flowers
sepals
petals
stamens
carpels
207
role fo stamens
produce pollen
208
role of carpels
produce ovules
209
what do ovaries ripen in to
fruits
210
advatnages of animal vectors over wind
animals more likely to go to female flowers whereas wind is random - reduces pollon waste
not weather dependant
exploits greater ecological niches
211
how does the corpse flower pass on its pollen
```
emits smell which attarcts insects
insects enter
flowee rises and traps them
projection emits heat
3 days later it delfates releasing insects containing its pollen
```
212
how many petals do cruciferae have
4
213
what is a cruciferae
angiosperm family
214
what is a leguminosae
angiosperm family
215
what is A Compositae
angiosperm family
216
what is the largest plant family
Compositae
217
what is a Orchidaceae
angiosperm family
218
what is a Graminae
angiosperm family
219
what crops make up the Graminae family
wheat
barley
maize
rice
220
what are parenchyma cells packed with
chloroplasts
221
how do butterworts feed
sticky stuff on leaves smell nice attracting insects
insects get stuck to leaf
plant ingests insect juice
222
why do the hairs on Venus fly traps need to be triggered twice
stops them wasting energy opening and closing for no reason
223
how do leaves minimise self shading
by arranging themselves in foliar mosaics
224
why is nitrogen hard for plants to obtain
```
quired in large amounts
No mineral source
Just liberated from decaying organic material
Very soluble
Easily lost by leaching from sandy soils
Denitrification
Loss from nitrate as nitrogen gas
A feature of anaerobic soils (e.g. bogs)
```
225
how do root nodules help plants get nitrogen
nodules contain rhizobia which fix nitrogen, giving some to the plant
226
what do rhizobia get from their symbiosis
sugars from plant
227
what type of plant host rhizobia
legumes
228
how do carnivorous plants gain nitrogen
eating insects
229
where are carnivorous plants found
bogs
230
how do bladderworts catch prey
suck them in
231
how do Hemiparasites obtain organic compounds
photsynthesis and via haustoria attached to hosts roots
232
what are Orobanche
angiosperm parasites
233
what are Striga
angiosperm parasites
234
what is a Rafflesia
angiosperm parasite
235
how do Coralroot orchid get energy
Gets energy and nutrients via fungi that live in a lumpy mass at the base of its stem
some chloroplasts in stem so slight photosynthesis
236
how does Bird's-nest orchid get energy
growing on the roots of trees
