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Chloroxygenic Organisms Flashcards

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1
Q

What are stromatolites

A

Rocklike structures composed of many layers of Cyanobacteria and sediment

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2
Q

What are the oldest fossils on record

A

Stromatolites

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3
Q

Name four red lineage microalgae

A

Diatoms
Dinoflagellates
Haptophytes
cryptophytes

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4
Q

Name 2 red lineage macroalgae

A

Brown seaweed

Red seaweed

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5
Q

Why did the first organisms carry out anoxygenic photosynthesis

A

They were anaerobic

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6
Q

Where do the electrons for anoxygenic photosynthesis come from

A

H2S

S2O3

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7
Q

What type of photosynthesis is carried out by chloroxygenic bacteria

A

Oxygenic photosynthesis

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8
Q

What caused the mass extinction of anaerobic bacteria

A

The production of oxygen as a result of the chloroxygenic bacteria undergoing oxygenic photosynthesis

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9
Q

What is the great oxidation event

A

The mass extinction of Anaerobic bacteria as a result of chloroxygenic bacteria producing oxygen when undergoing oxygenic photosynthesis

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10
Q

Why did it take 500 million years for oxygen levels to increase

A

Because the iron in hydrothermal vents kept reacting with the oxygen forming iron oxide - as a result the oxygen was trapped in the sea

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11
Q

What forms rust

A

Iron oxide

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12
Q

What did chloroxygenic bacteria evolve from

A

Gram negative flagellated bacteria

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13
Q

Advantages of Cyanobacteria

A 
Nitrogen fixation - soil fertility
Reduces CO2
Symbiosis with plants, sponges, fungi
Bioactive compounds for medicine
Renewable energy’s
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14
Q

Disadvantages of Cyanobacteria

A

Toxic blooms

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15
Q

What is nodularin

A

Cyanobacteria

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16
Q

What does nodularin do

A

Causes liver damage

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17
Q

What is bangiomorpha

A

Choloroxygenic eukaryote

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18
Q

How were chloroxygenic eukaryotes formed

A

Phagocyte Engulfed Cyanobacteria
Bacterial genes transferred to host dna
Host proteins imported to Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria became chloroplast

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19
Q

How is nodularin ingested

A

Untreated drinking water

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20
Q

What is the chromalveolate hypothesis

A

Only one secondary endosymbiosis event occurred in the red algae lineage to form all groups

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21
Q

What is the portable plastic hypothesis

A

Multiple secondary endosymbiosis events occurred in the red algae lineage to form all groups

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22
Q

What makes up the red lineage microalgae

A

Diatoms
Haptophytes
Cryptophytes
Dinoflagellates

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23
Q

What makes up the red lineage macroalgae

A

Brown seaweeds

Red seaweeds

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24
Q

What is the polysaccharide wall of red seaweed made of

A

Agar and carrageenan

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25
What is red seaweed used in
Sushi
26
What do brown seaweeds contain
Biosctive compounds called fucoidan
27
What is the polysaccharide wall of brown seaweed made of
Alginate
28
Fucoidans are found where
Intertidal zones
29
Fucoids are
Brown seaweed
30
Kelps are found where
Subliteral zones
31
Kelps are
Brown seaweed
32
What are diatom cells enclosed in
Sillia
33
What % of global carbon fixation is as a result of diatoms
20%
34
Radiolaria are part of which algae group
Rhizaria
35
Foramifera are part of which algae group
Rhizaria
36
What is the radiolaria skeleton made of
Silica
37
What are radiolaria
Zooplankton Protozoa
38
What are foramifera
Benthic amoeboid protists
39
What are chlorophyta
Green algae
40
What are prasinophytes
Chlorophyta - green algae
41
What are strepophyta
Green algae
42
What are ulvophyceae
Chlorophyta - green seaweeds
43
What are charophytes
Streptophyta - green algae
44
How many marine species of green algae
13.8%
45
How many marine flora of green algae
11%
46
What is the earliest diverging modern green algae
Prasinophyte
47
Describe the structure of prasinophytes
All have green plastids | Some phagotrophic
48
Ulva lactuca is a
Ulvophyceae
49
Why were early life forms restricted to sub surface waters
For protection There were high levels of solar UVR which is damaging to dna. Sub surface waters were the only place with low levels of uvr
50
How was the ozone layer made
Oxygen reacted with uv radiation
51
What did the ozone layer mean for algae
Reduced uvr levels so organisms could inhabit shallower waters and land
52
Unifying chloroplast traits between charophytes and land plants
``` Chlorophyll a Chlorophyll b Beta cerotene Synthesis and storage of starch in stroma Thylakoids stacked as grabs Dna ```
53
Unifytraits between charophytes and land plants
2 flagella I’d equal length in motile cells Chloroplasts Light harvesting complexes Cellulose content and structure Nuclear coding of certain chloroplast functions
54
What % of cellulose is present in charophytes and land plants
20-26
55
What is sporopollenin
A layer of durable polymer that prevents exposed zygotes from drying out
56
How do charophytes survive drying out periods
Due to their sporopollenin
57
When did land plants evolve
480-430 million years ago
58
Advantages of living on land
Lots of sun Lots of co2 Nutrient rich soil Fewer herbivores or pathogens
59
Which were the first land plants
Bryophyte
60
Which bryophyte is most closely related to earliest land plants
Liverwort
61
Why do cuticles stop Water loss
Hydrophobic and impermeable to water
62
Advantages of gametangia
Prevents dehydration | Reduced exposure to air
63
Why does photosynthesis use h2o and co2
``` Abdundant Doesn’t use much energy to obtain then Stable Not toxic Combination of CO2 and H2O to form CHO is a good store of energy ```
64
What is macrocystis algae used for
Alginate
65
What is laminaria algae used for
Alginate
66
What is ascophyllum algae used for
Alginate
67
What is gelidium algae used for
Agar
68
What is gracilaria algae used for
Agar
69
What is pterocladia algae used for
Agar
70
What is eucheuma algae used for
Carrageenan
71
What is kappaphycus algae used for
Carrageenan
72
What is chondrus algae used for
Carrageenan
73
What is E400 alginate used for
Thickeners and gelling agents Setting jams or jellies and sauces, yoghurts, syrups etc Binding agent for products made from reconstructed nest Prevents formation of large ice crystals in ice creams
74
What is E406 agar used for
``` Gelling agent and stabiliser For: Jelly Ice cream Glazes Pie fillings Yoghurt Sauces Meat Spreads Drinks ```
75
What type of food is E406 agar used in
Healthy and vegan
76
What is E407 carageenan used for
Food additive K-carageenan in cheese ice cream and chocolate milk Vegetarian alternative to gelatin Low fat alternative to pectin in fruit jellies Fat replacement in burgers
77
What seaweeds make up the kombu diet
Saccharina japonica | Phaeophyceae
78
What seaweed makes up the wakame diet
Undaria pinnatifida | Phaeophyceae
79
What seaweed makes up the nori diet
Porphyra species | Rhodophyceae
80
What seaweed makes up the hijiki diet
Hisikia fusiformis | Phaeophyceae
81
Who eats seaweed
``` SE Asia Japan China Korea Pacific and India ocean islands ```
82
Why use seaweed as food
``` Can be used in differeant ways - soup salad etc Adds colour Adds texture Flavour enhancer High nutritional value ```
83
What vitamins are in seaweed
``` A B1 B2 B6 B12 C E ```
84
How much protein in seaweed
5-40%
85
Is seaweed low in saturated fats
Yes
86
Doe seaweed have fibre and antioxidants
Yes

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