AN131: Upper Limb

Question 1

define upper limb

Answer 1

the lateral aspect of the lower portion of the neck along with the thoracic wall

Question 2

What keeps the upper limb suspended?

Answer 2

The sternoclavicular joint, along with certain muscled, connect the upper limb to the axial skeleton & trunk.
The shoulder girdle (clavicle & scapula) as a whole connects the bones of the upper limb to the thoracic cage.

Question 3

parts of upper limb

Answer 3

1. Shoulder
2. Arm
3. Forearm
4. hand

Question 4

Define shoulder

Answer 4

area of the upper limb attachment to the trunk.

Question 5

what is the arm

Answer 5

it is the part of the upper limb between the shoulder and elbow joint

Question 6

what is the forearm

Answer 6

the part between the elbow and wrist joint

Question 7

what is the hand?

Answer 7

the part distal to the wrist joint

Question 8

what is the deltoid region?

Answer 8

the lateral aspect of the shoulder demarcated (bordered) by the outlines of the deltoid muscle

Question 9

What are some signifcant transition areas of the upper limb?

Answer 9

1. axilla
2. cubital fossa
3. carpal tunnel

Question 10

What is the axilla?

Answer 10

An irregularly shaped pyrimdal area
- formed by muscles and bones of: shoulder and lateral surface of the thoracic wall

Question 11

What opens directly into the lower portion of the neck?

Answer 11

The apex/ inlet of the axilla

Question 12

what forms the floor of the axilla?

Answer 12

The skin of the armpit.

Question 13

T/F: only certain major structures passing between the neck and arm do so via the axilla.

Answer 13

False. All major structures pass through the axilla.

Question 14

Defin cubital fossa

Answer 14

• triangular shape
• depression formed by muscle not bone

Question 15

What forms the cubital fossa?

Answer 15

the muscles anterior to the elbow joint

Question 16

What passes through the cubital fossa?

Answer 16

1. the median nerve [major n. of upper limb]
2. brachial artery [major]

Question 17

Carpal tunnel

Answer 17

gateway to palm of hand

Question 18

Walls of carpal tunnel

Answer 18

carpal bones (proximal region of hand)
- form an arch as they create a post., lat., and med. wall.

Question 19

what is anterior to the carpal tunnel?

Answer 19

flexor retinaculum: thick band of CT spanning the distance between each side of the carpal tunnel.

Question 20

function of upper limb

Answer 20

1. positioning of hand: highly manipulative (unlike lower limb) for positioning hand in space.
2. hand as a mechanical tool: for gripping and manipulating objects.
3. hand as a sensory tool: used to discriminate beween objects on the basis of touch.

Question 21

Mechanism of touch:

Answer 21

high density of somatic sensory receptors on the palmar pads of fingers.
- the part of the sensory cortex of the brain devoted to interpreting hand (esp. thumb) info is disproportionately large relative to that of the other areas of the skin

Question 22

Muscles of hand during grip:

Answer 22

• modify actions of long tendons that emerge from forearm and insert into the digits of the hand.
• produce a combination of joint movements within each digit. these movements cannot be generated by the long flexor and extensor tendons of the forearm alone.

Question 23

What are the main purposes of the lower limb?

Answer 23

• support
• stability
• locomotion

Question 24

What is CTS?

Answer 24

Carpal tunnel syndrome is a medical condition due to median nerve compression when traveling through the carpal tunnel

Question 25

symptoms of CTS

Answer 25

- pain - numbness - tingling in the thumb and index, middle and (thumb side of) ring fingers.

Question 26

when are symptoms of CTS observed?

Answer 26

gradually and during the night, with pain possibly extending into the arm.

Question 27

long term effect of CTS on muscles:

Answer 27

- atrophy, in more than half the cases, occurs on both sides of the hand. - the muscles at the base of the thumb are affect after a long period of time. - chronic symptom: weakened grip strength

Question 27

Bones of the shoulder:

Answer 27

- scapula & clavicle - together create shoulder girdle, connecting the upper limb to axial skeleton through the sternoclavicular joint.

Question 28

Arm proper:

Answer 28

- brachium - humerus bone wtih elbow joint at distal end

Question 29

Forearm:

Answer 29

antebrachium - composed of radius and ulna

Question 30

Radius articulation:

Answer 30

radius is the main proximal part of the wrist joint (radiocarpal joint)

Question 31

Ulna articulation:

Answer 31

Ulna is the main part of the distal end of the elbow joint (proximal radioulnar joint)

Question 32

Bones of the hand:

Answer 32

- 8 carpal bones - 5 metacarpal bones - 5 promixal phalanges - 4 middle phalanges - 5 distal phalanges (14 phalanges total) - 2 small sesamoid bones at thumb

Question 33

Wrist bones

Answer 33

Carpus: 8 carpal bones (form wrist joint)

Question 34

Hand bones:

Answer 34

Manus: 1. 5 metacarpals in the hand proper 2. 14 phalanges of the finger