anaemia

Question 1

oxyhaemaglobin

Answer 1

oxygenated state of Hb

Question 2

whats the functional form of Fe

Answer 2

Fe3+

fe atom remains in reduced form

Question 3

how is Hb used as a buffer

Answer 3

H+ ions left over from dissociation of carbonic aci to bicarbonate bind to globin chains of Hb
Hv maintains the stable plasma pH of 7

Question 4

role of band 3 protein

Answer 4

anion transport

Question 5

role of glycophorin A

Answer 5

maintance of neg chaege

Question 6

role of glycophorin C

Answer 6

regulates cell shape and membrane stability

Question 7

role of ankyrin

Answer 7

links lipids to spectrin

Question 8

spectrin role

Answer 8

maintence of biconcav disc

Question 9

common symptoms of anaemia

Answer 9

short breath
weakness
pallor
llethargy
palpitations
headaches
confusion

Question 10

clinical signs of anaemia

Answer 10

concave nails
jaundice
leg ulcers
bone defomaties
recurrent infections
bruising

Question 11

normal value for mean cell volume

Answer 11

80-101

Question 12

normal vlaue for mea cell Hb MCH

Answer 12

27-34

Question 13

normal value for mean corpuscular Hb concentration MCHC

Answer 13

300-350

Question 14

classifications of anaemia by cell size

Answer 14

microcytic
normoctyic
macrocytic

Question 15

classification of anaemia by Hb

Answer 15

hypochromic
normochromic
hyperchromic

Question 16

other extra classifications of anaemia

Answer 16

imparied production

loss of RBC or destruction

Question 17

what is normocytic normochomic anaemia

Answer 17

RBC normal vol normal amount of Hb and normal concentration

BUT count is low

Question 18

causes of normocytic and normochromic anaemia

Answer 18

acute bleed
marrow failure
haemolysis
renal failure, EPO deficiency

Question 19

what is microcytic hypochromic anaemia

Answer 19

RBC low volum
low concentration Hb
less Hb too
low MCV MCH and MCHC

Question 20

causes of microcytic hypochromic anaemia

Answer 20

Fe deficiency

thalassemia

Question 21

what is macrocytic normochrmic anaemia

Answer 21

RBC could low
RBC increased volume
Hb normal 
- MCV increased
-MCHC normal
- MCH increased

Question 22

causes of macrocytic normochromic anaemia

Answer 22

b12 or folate deficiency

Question 23

clinical causes of anaemia and red cell diseases

Answer 23

• bleeding
• b12/folate deficiency
• RBC cytoskeletal disorders
• impairment of erythropoiesis
• acquired haemolyic anaemia
• RBC enzympoathies
• haemoaglobinophathy

Question 24

anaemis due toacute blood loss

Answer 24

normocytic normochonic anaemia

Question 25

anamia due to iron deficiency

Answer 25

IDA microcytic hypochromic small, pale missshaped RBC

Question 26

treatment of IDA

Answer 26

replenishment of iron, oral or injectios

Question 27

anaemia caused by b12 or folate deficiency

Answer 27

macrocytic | normochromic

Question 28

what are the types of cytoskeletal RBC disorders that can cause anaemia

Answer 28

1. hereditary elliocytosis | 2. heriditary spherocytosis

Question 29

herditary ellipocytosis causing anaemia

Answer 29

cytoskeletal RBC disorder normocytic norochomic - spectrin, glycophorin C

Question 30

hereditary spherocytosis causing anaemia

Answer 30

cytoskeletal RBC disroder normocytic, normochromic - spectrin, ankyrin, band 3

Question 31

what are acquired impariments of erythropieisis

Answer 31

- bone marrow ilfiltration /cancers | - transient failure

Question 32

what type of anaemia does impariment of erythrpoeisis cause

Answer 32

normocytic normochromic | tear-drop poililocytes

Question 33

what are the two types of inherited erythropoiesis

Answer 33

- fanconi anaemia | - diamon blackfan anaemia

Question 34

what is fanconi anaemia

Answer 34

inherited impairment of erythropoiesis | progresive bone marrow failure

Question 35

what are the types of aquired haemolytic anaemia

Answer 35

- autoimmune | - microangiopathic mechanical fragmentation

Question 36

what is autoimmune acquired haemolytic anaeia

Answer 36

normocytic normocromic anaemia | idiopathic but might be drug induced

Question 37

what is microangiopathic anaemia

Answer 37

acquired haemolytic anaemia associiated with mechanican heart values - normocytic and normochromic

Question 38

congenital haemolytic anaemia types

Answer 38

RBC enzympoathies normoc`qytic normchomic cellular dehydration haemolysis occurs

Question 39

what is haemoglobinopathy?

Answer 39

2 categories - strucural - thalasaemia

Question 40

what is structural haemaglobinopathy

Answer 40

amino acid subsututions leading to changes | eg sickle cell anaemia

Question 41

what is sickle cell anaemia

Answer 41

``` strucutral haemaglobinopathy normochomic normocytic polymorphism distored shap RBC can be asympomatic of heterozygote ```

Question 42

why is sickle cell anaemia called a balanced polymorphism

Answer 42

heterozygote with the disease will be more fit than a homzygote

Question 43

thalasaemia haemoglobinopathy

Answer 43

group of inherited RBC disorders | characterised by reduced globin chain synthesis

Question 44

what is alpha thalasaemia

Answer 44

inability to synthesise alpha globin chains | mild microcytic hypochromic anaemia

Question 45

what is beta thalassamiia

Answer 45

impaired synthsis of beta globin chains | leads to ineffective erythropoiesis and reduced RBC survival, cleared by spleen

Question 46

examples of normocytic normochomic anaemia

Answer 46

bleeding haemolysis drug induced anaemia strucutral variants of Hb

Question 47

examples of microcytic hypochromic anaemia

Answer 47

fe deficiency thalassaemiae strucural variations

Question 48

exaxples of macrocytic normochomic anaemia

Answer 48

B12/folate deficiency anaemia due to alcholism blackfan diamond