anaerobic metabolism- regulation of glycolysis and the TCA finish

Question 1

what is the equation for the breakdown of glucose

Answer 1

C6H12O6+O2+ADP—> CO2+H20+ATP

Question 2

what do we call a molecule that loses electrons

Answer 2

oxidised

Question 3

what do we call a molecule that gains electrons

Answer 3

reduced

Question 4

what is an electron carrier

Answer 4

it is a molecule which transports electrons during cellular respiration

Question 5

how do electron carriers work

Answer 5

they can store energy until it is needed

Question 6

what are the two examples of electron carriers

Answer 6

NAD

FAD

Question 7

WHAT DOES FAD stand for

Answer 7

flavin adenine dinucleotide

Question 8

what does NAD stand for

Answer 8

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Question 9

what is the equation when NAD is reduced

Answer 9

NAD+2H–> NADH+H+

Question 10

what is the equation when FAD is reduced

Answer 10

FAD +2H—> FADH2

Question 11

how is pyruvate converted into acetyl coA

Answer 11

decarboxylation and then NAD reduced to NADH

Question 12

how many NADH do we get in the whole stage of the link reaction

Answer 12

2 as one per molecule of pyruvate

Question 13

what are the end products of glycolysis

Answer 13

2 pyruvate

2 ATP

Question 14

what are the end products of the TCA cycle per pyruvate molecule

Answer 14

3 NADH
FADH2
ATP
per pyruvate

Question 15

what are the stages of the fermentation of glucose

Answer 15

glucose to pyruvate and then to ethanol +C02

Question 16

what type of process is the fermentation process

Answer 16

it is anaerobic and does not go through the TCA or oxidative phosphorylation

Question 17

how is pyruvate converted to acetaldehyde

Answer 17

by the enzyme pyruvate decarboxylase which releases C02 as well

Question 18

how do we convert acetaldehyde to ethanol

Answer 18

with the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase

Question 19

what are the steps to convert pyruvate into ethanol

Answer 19

pyruvate undergoes decarboxylation by pyruvate decarboxylase and forms ACETALDEHYDE this under goes dehydrogenation via acetyl dehydrogenase to form ethanol

Question 20

where does fermentation occur

Answer 20

in the cytosol

Question 21

what do we also produce during fermentation

Answer 21

CO2 and oxidised NAD

Question 22

why is this reaction essential

Answer 22

as it regenerates oxidised NAD which is used during glycolysis

Question 23

what are some situations during fermentation which causes yeast to die

Answer 23

too much ethanol OR C02

Question 24

what occurs in the fermentation of skeletal muscle

Answer 24

there is reduced glycolysis and TCA cycles as we run out of oxidised NAD

Question 25

during periods of high intensity | what happens in our msucles

Answer 25

pyruvate forms lactate via lactate dehydrogenase enzyme and NAD is deoxidised

Question 26

what do we feel during periods of high intensity

Answer 26

pain in our muscles due to lactic acid buildup

Question 27

what other sugars are metabolised via glycolysis

Answer 27

galactose fructose in adipose tissue fructose in the liver

Question 28

what is galactose converted into

Answer 28

glucose 6p

Question 29

what is fructose in the adipose tissue converted into

Answer 29

fructose 6p

Question 30

what is fructose in the liver converted into

Answer 30

DHAP then GAP

Question 31

which enzyme breaks down lactose

Answer 31

lactase

Question 32

what type of enzyme is lactase

Answer 32

brush border enzyme

Question 33

what is lactase broken down into

Answer 33

galactose and glucose

Question 34

what are the symptoms of lactose intolerance

Answer 34

``` farting diarrhoea bloating stomach cramps rumbling feeling sick ```

Question 35

what is galactosemia

Answer 35

inherited autosomal recessive disorder and can be screened at birth

Question 36

what can galactosemia cause

Answer 36

enlargement of the liver CNS failure

Question 37

why do people get galactosemia

Answer 37

deficiency of galactose phosphate uridyl transferase

Question 38

how do we regulate glycolysis and the TCA cycle

Answer 38

changes in physiological and environmental circumstances metabolism is constantly monitored genetic regulation

Question 39

how can metabolism and the TCA cycle be regulated

Answer 39

by genetic regulation which controls the amount of enzymes in the cell and the amount of enzyme degradation

Question 40

what four things can happen to the enzyme

Answer 40

association with regulatory protein sequestration allosteric regulation covalent modification

Question 41

what is allostatic regulation of enzymes

Answer 41

an inhibitor binds to the enzyme and prevents the working and changes the shape of the enzyme

Question 42

what is involved in covalent modifications of the enzyme

Answer 42

changes the covalent structure of the enzymes- eg phosphorylation

Question 43

what is involved in enzyme association

Answer 43

limits the amount of enzymes that can associate with the enzyme

Question 44

what is involved in compartmentalisation

Answer 44

limits the accessibility of the enzyme with the substate achieved by the membranes.

Question 45

which organelle can help with compartmentalisation of enzymes

Answer 45

the mitochondria

Question 46

what are the regulation points in glycolysis

Answer 46

hexokinase phosphofructokinase pyruvate kinase

Question 47

what are the regulation points in TCA cycle

Answer 47

citrate synthase isocitrate dehydrogenase alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

Question 48

what else can inhibit PFK1

Answer 48

inhibited by ATP- when energy stores are high

Question 49

what happens when G6P levels are high

Answer 49

allosteric feedback inhibition of hexokinase by G6P

Question 50

how do we regulate PFK1

Answer 50

by a lot of ATP- this inhibits at the allosteric site and in turn reduces the affinity for fructose 6 phosphate leading to inciting glycolysis

Question 51

what else is PFK1 sensitive too

Answer 51

ph- acidic conditions reduces its activity so it prevents XS lactic acid buildup

Question 52

which two enzymes are on the same enzyme

Answer 52

kinase domain and phosphatase domain

Question 53

how is pyruvate dehydrogenase regulated

Answer 53

by allosteric regulation and covalent regulation

Question 54

how is the E2 transsacetylase part of pyruvate dehydrogenase limited

Answer 54

by AcetylCOA

Question 55

how is the E3 dihydrolipopolydehydrogenase part of pyruvate dehydrogenase

Answer 55

NADH