Analyze the manifestations of cellular injury: accumulation of excessive normal/abnormal substances. Flashcards
What are the two categories of substances that can produce cellular accumulations?
a) Proteins and lipids
b) Endogenous and exogenous substances
c) Normal and abnormal cellular substances
d) Water and carbohydrates
Answer: b) Endogenous and exogenous substances
Rationale: The text mentions that cellular accumulations can result from two categories of substances: endogenous (normal or abnormal) and exogenous.
Which term is used to describe the process in which excessive amounts of metabolites accumulate in cells and cause them to swell?
a) Necrosis
b) Vacuolation
c) Oncosis
d) Steatosis
Answer: c) Oncosis
Rationale: The text describes that excessive accumulation of metabolites in cells causes cytoplasmic swelling called oncosis.
Which organ is commonly affected by fatty change (steatosis)?
a) Lungs
b) Heart
c) Liver
d) Kidneys
Answer: c) Liver
Rationale: The text mentions that the most common site of intracellular lipid accumulation, or fatty change (steatosis), is liver cells.
What is the primary mechanism of cellular swelling, which is associated with hypoxic injury?
a) Influx of potassium ions (K+)
b) Loss of ATP production
c) Activation of adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)
d) Reduced sodium ion (Na+) concentration
Answer: b) Loss of ATP production
Rationale: The text explains that in hypoxic injury, cellular swelling is associated with a reduction in ATP production.
What is the primary cause of fatty change in the liver in developed countries?
a) Genetic mutations
b) Protein malnutrition
c) Alcohol abuse
d) Toxins and anoxia
Answer: c) Alcohol abuse
Rationale: According to the text, in developed countries, the most common cause of fatty change in the liver is alcohol abuse.
Which condition involves excess iron storage as hemosiderin in cells and tissues?
a) Hemochromatosis
b) Hemoglobinopathy
c) Hemolysis
d) Hematopoiesis
Answer: a) Hemochromatosis
Rationale: The text discusses that excessive storage of iron as hemosiderin in cells is associated with conditions like hemochromatosis.
What pigment accumulates in the epithelial cells of the skin and retina, providing protection against sunlight?
a) Melanin
b) Lipofuscin
c) Hemoglobin
d) Bilirubin
Answer: a) Melanin
Rationale: Melanin accumulates in the epithelial cells of the skin and retina and provides protection against sunlight.
What is the normal function of albumin in protecting cells from the effects of bilirubin?
a) Binding unconjugated bilirubin in plasma
b) Promoting lipid synthesis in cells
c) Preventing calcium influx into cells
d) Inducing melanin production in skin
Answer: a) Binding unconjugated bilirubin in plasma
Rationale: Albumin binds unconjugated bilirubin in plasma, providing protection against its harmful effects.
What condition results from disturbances in maintaining serum urate levels and leads to the deposition of sodium urate crystals in tissues?
a) Gout
b) Hemochromatosis
c) Hemolysis
d) Nephritis
Answer: a) Gout
Rationale: Gout results from disturbances in maintaining serum urate levels, leading to the deposition of sodium urate crystals in tissues.
Which of the following is NOT listed as a systemic manifestation of cellular injury in the text?
a) Fatigue and malaise
b) Altered appetite
c) Muscle weakness
d) Fever
Answer: c) Muscle weakness
Rationale: The text mentions general systemic manifestations of cellular injury such as fatigue, malaise, altered appetite, and fever, but it does not specifically mention muscle weakness.
