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Pathophysiology + Pharm > Identify the structure and function of the human cell components [nucleus, cytoplasmic organelles, plasma membrane, cellular receptors]. > Flashcards

Identify the structure and function of the human cell components [nucleus, cytoplasmic organelles, plasma membrane, cellular receptors]. Flashcards

1
Q

Question 1: Which cell function involves generating forces that produce motion, as seen in muscle cells?

A. Conductivity
B. Metabolic absorption
C. Secretion
D. Movement

A

D. Movement

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2
Q

Question 2: What is the primary function of nerve cells, where a stimulus creates an electrical potential across the cell membrane?

A. Respiration
B. Movement
C. Conductivity
D. Reproduction

A

C. Conductivity

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3
Q

Question 3: Which function involves cells taking in and utilizing nutrients and other substances from their surroundings?

A. Respiration
B. Excretion
C. Metabolic absorption
D. Secretion

A

C. Metabolic absorption

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4
Q

Question 4: Cells capable of synthesizing new substances from absorbed materials and then secreting these substances are typically found in which type of cells?

A. Muscle cells
B. Nerve cells
C. Mucous gland cells
D. Excretory cells

A

C. Mucous gland cells

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5
Q

Question 5: What cellular function involves the absorption of oxygen to transform nutrients into energy, primarily occurring in mitochondria?

A. Conductivity
B. Metabolic absorption
C. Respiration
D. Communication

A

C. Respiration

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6
Q

Question 6: In which cellular organelles does cellular respiration, or oxidation, occur?

A. Nucleus
B. Golgi apparatus
C. Lysosomes
D. Mitochondria

A

D. Mitochondria

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7
Q

Question 7: Tissue growth occurs as cells enlarge and reproduce. Which cellular function relates to this process?

A. Excretion
B. Secretion
C. Reproduction
D. Communication

A

C. Reproduction

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8
Q

Question 8: Why is communication considered vital for cells to maintain a dynamic steady state?

A. To facilitate muscle contraction
B. To ensure metabolic absorption
C. To maintain a society of cells
D. To create waste products

A

C. To maintain a society of cells

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9
Q

Question 9: Which of the following cell functions involves the release of waste products resulting from the breakdown of large molecules?

A. Conductivity
B. Respiration
C. Excretion
D. Movement

A

C. Excretion

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10
Q

Question 10: What is the main purpose of cells with the function of communication in a society of cells?

A. To conduct electrical impulses
B. To produce and secrete substances
C. To coordinate cell growth and reproduction
D. To absorb oxygen for respiration

A

C. To coordinate cell growth and reproduction

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11
Q

Question 1: In a “typical” eukaryotic cell, what are the three main components?

A. Nucleolus, plasma membrane, and cytoplasm
B. Plasma membrane, endoplasmic reticulum, and nucleus
C. Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and organelles
D. Nucleus, mitochondria, and nucleolus

A

C. Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, and organelles

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12
Q

Question 2: What is the primary function of the nucleus in a eukaryotic cell?

A. Energy production
B. Cell communication
C. Cell division and genetic control
D. Protein synthesis

A

C. Cell division and genetic control

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13
Q

Question 3: Which part of the nuclear envelope allows chemical messages to exit and enter the nucleus?

A. Nucleolus
B. DNA-binding proteins
C. Nuclear pores
D. Endoplasmic reticulum

A

C. Nuclear pores

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14
Q

Question 4: How is the risk of breaks in the long DNA chain in eukaryotic cells minimized?

A. By the action of mitochondria
B. Through the folding of DNA into chromosomes
C. By the endoplasmic reticulum
D. By the nucleolus

A

D. By the nucleolus

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15
Q

Question 5: What role do histones play in eukaryotic cells?

A. DNA repair
B. Regulating cell division
C. Facilitating protein synthesis
D. Decreasing the risk of DNA chain breaks

A

D. Decreasing the risk of DNA chain breaks

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16
Q

Question 6: Where does most of the processing of RNA occur within the cell?

A. Nucleus
B. Cytoplasm
C. Endoplasmic reticulum
D. Mitochondria

A

A. Nucleus

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17
Q

Question 7: What is transcribed into RNA within the nucleus and then introduced into the cytoplasm to direct cellular activities?

A. DNA-binding proteins
B. Nucleolus
C. Genetic information
D. DNA chains

A

C. Genetic information

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18
Q

Question 8: Which of the following is NOT a function of the nucleus?

A. Cell division
B. RNA processing
C. DNA replication
D. Energy production

A

D. Energy production

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19
Q

Question 1: What is the primary component that fills the cytoplasmic matrix in a eukaryotic cell?

A. DNA
B. RNA
C. Cytosol
D. Nucleus

A

C. Cytosol

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20
Q

Question 2: Approximately what fraction of a eukaryotic cell’s volume is represented by the cytosol?

A. One-fourth
B. One-half
C. Three-fourths
D. One-third

A

B. One-half

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21
Q

Question 3: What is a significant feature of the cytosol in eukaryotic cells?

A. It lacks enzymes
B. It contains a large amount of DNA
C. It is devoid of ribosomes
D. It contains thousands of enzymes involved in intermediate metabolism

A

D. It contains thousands of enzymes involved in intermediate metabolism.

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22
Q

Question 4: Why do organelles suspended in the cytoplasm have their own biological membranes?

A. To regulate cellular respiration
B. To isolate them from the nucleus
C. To carry out essential functions in different biochemical environments
D. To prevent them from interacting with ribosomes

A

C. To carry out essential functions in different biochemical environments

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23
Q

Question 5: Which cellular functions are directed by coded messages carried from the nucleus by RNA?

A. Protein synthesis and transport
B. Cellular metabolism and motility
C. DNA replication and repair
D. Nucleus maintenance

A

A. Protein synthesis and transport

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24
Q

Question 6: What role does the cytosol play in cellular metabolism?

A. It acts as a storage unit for DNA.
B. It serves as a site for energy production.
C. It houses the nucleolus.
D. It regulates protein synthesis.

A

B. It serves as a site for energy production.

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25
Q

Question 7: What is the primary function of ribosomes in the cytosol?

A. Storage of genetic information
B. Carrying out DNA replication
C. Synthesizing proteins
D. Maintaining cellular structure

A

C. Synthesizing proteins

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26
Q

Question 8: Besides protein and hormone synthesis, what other functions are carried out by organelles in the cytoplasm?

A. Energy production and DNA replication
B. Cellular metabolism and motility
C. Processing and elimination of waste
D. Nucleus maintenance and RNA transport

A

C. Processing and elimination of waste

27
Q

Question 9: In addition to its role in cellular functions, what other role does the cytosol play?

A. It stores genetic material.
B. It serves as a protective barrier.
C. It acts as a storage unit for fat, carbohydrates, and secretory vesicles.
D. It regulates cellular motility.

A

C. It acts as a storage unit for fat, carbohydrates, and secretory vesicles.

28
Q

Question 10: What is the principal role of the cytosol as mentioned in the provided information?

A. Energy production
B. RNA synthesis
C. Storage of genetic information
D. Fat and carbohydrate storage

A

C. Storage of genetic information

29
Q

Question 1: Which organelle provides sites for cellular protein synthesis and consists of RNA-protein complexes synthesized in the nucleolus?

A. Golgi complex
B. Endoplasmic reticulum
C. Mitochondria
D. Ribosomes

A

D. Ribosomes

30
Q

Question 2: What is the primary function of the endoplasmic reticulum in a eukaryotic cell?

A. Digesting cellular substances
B. Generating cellular energy
C. Synthesizing and transporting proteins and lipids
D. Transporting cellular wastes

A

C. Synthesizing and transporting proteins and lipids

31
Q

Question 3: Which organelle is responsible for processing and packaging proteins onto secretory vesicles, including those with clathrin coats?

A. Lysosomes
B. Mitochondria
C. Golgi complex
D. Peroxisomes

A

C. Golgi complex

32
Q

Question 4: What type of enzymes do peroxisomes contain, and what is their primary function?

A. Digestive enzymes; break down cellular substances
B. Oxidative enzymes; detoxify various wastes
C. Protein synthesis enzymes; generate energy
D. Signaling enzymes; regulate cell communication

A

B. Oxidative enzymes; detoxify various wastes

33
Q

Question 5: Where are most of the enzymes of the respiratory chain (electron-transport chain) located, and what is their primary role?

A. Golgi complex; protein packaging
B. Ribosomes; protein synthesis
C. Mitochondria inner membrane; ATP generation
D. Endoplasmic reticulum; lipid synthesis

A

C. Mitochondria inner membrane; ATP generation

34
Q

Question 6: Which organelle forms the “bone and muscle” of a cell and consists of a network of protein filaments, including microtubules and actin filaments?

A. Lysosomes
B. Cytoskeleton
C. Vaults
D. Caveolae

A

B. Cytoskeleton

35
Q

Question 7: What is the primary function of caveolae in a cell?

A. Protein synthesis
B. Cell signaling
C. Digestion of cellular substances
D. Capturing extracellular material and shuttling it inside the cell

A

D. Capturing extracellular material and shuttling it inside the cell

36
Q

Question 8: What is the role of vaults, the cytoplasmic ribonucleoproteins shaped like octagonal barrels?

A. Protein synthesis
B. Detoxification
C. Shuttling molecules from the nucleus to elsewhere in the cell
D. Capturing extracellular material

A

C. Shuttling molecules from the nucleus to elsewhere in the cell

37
Q

Question 1: What is the primary function of membranes in a cell or an organelle?

A. To store genetic material
B. To control the composition of enclosed spaces and facilitate selective transport
C. To maintain cellular shape
D. To regulate cellular mobility

A

B. To control the composition of enclosed spaces and facilitate selective transport

38
Q

Question 2: What important role does cell polarity play in maintaining normal cell and tissue structure?

A. Facilitating metabolic pathways
B. Regulating cellular activity through hormones
C. Controlling movement of substances between compartments
D. Directing cellular transport and maintaining structure

A

D. Directing cellular transport and maintaining structure

39
Q

Question 3: How does the plasma membrane contribute to cell-to-cell recognition?

A. By maintaining fluid and electrolyte balance
B. By forming barriers to toxic molecules and macromolecules
C. By facilitating cellular mobility
D. By interacting and attaching with junctional complexes

A

D. By interacting and attaching with junctional complexes

40
Q

Question 4: What is a characteristic feature of the outer surfaces of many plasma membranes?

A. Smooth surface
B. Microvilli
C. Intracellular organelles
D. Fluid and electrolyte balance

A

B. Microvilli

41
Q

Question 5: Which cellular process involves the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration?

A. Active transport
B. Endocytosis
C. Diffusion
D. Exocytosis

A

C. Diffusion

42
Q

Question 6: What is the main function of caveolae in the plasma membrane?

A. Diffusion and exchange diffusion
B. Cell-to-cell communication
C. Activation of cells through hormones
D. Protection against toxic molecules

A

D. Protection against toxic molecules

43
Q

Question 7: Which process involves the release of enzymes and antibodies into the extracellular environment?

A. Exocytosis
B. Endocytosis
C. Active transport
D. Diffusion

A

A. Exocytosis

44
Q

Question 8: In the context of membranes, what is the purpose of endocytosis?

A. To release substances to the extracellular environment
B. To absorb nutrients and other substances into the cell
C. To transport molecules across the cell membrane
D. To maintain cellular shape and structure

A

B. To absorb nutrients and other substances into the cell

45
Q

Question 1: What is the primary structure of cell membranes composed of?

A. A single layer of lipids
B. Two layers of lipid molecules forming a bilayer
C. A network of proteins
D. A meshwork of carbohydrates

A

B. Two layers of lipid molecules forming a bilayer

46
Q

Question 2: What role do proteins play in cell membranes?

A. They serve as a structural barrier.
B. They provide rigidity to the membrane.
C. They form channels and receptors for cellular processes.
D. They break down lipids into smaller molecules.

A

C. They form channels and receptors for cellular processes.

47
Q

Question 3: What are microdomains within the phospholipid bilayer, and how do they differ?

A. Microdomains are regions where lipids and proteins are evenly distributed.
B. Microdomains have the same protein and lipid compositions.
C. Microdomains refer to regions with varying protein and lipid compositions.
D. Microdomains are areas where proteins dominate the composition.

A

C. Microdomains refer to regions with varying protein and lipid compositions.

48
Q

Question 4: What determines the physical states or phases of the phospholipid bilayer?

A. The concentration of lipids
B. The presence of carbohydrates
C. Physical bonds between larger proteins
D. The number of hydrophilic regions

A

C. Physical bonds between larger proteins

49
Q

Question 5: How does the cell membrane affect the diffusion of water and hydrophilic substances?

A. It facilitates their rapid diffusion.
B. It creates a barrier that prevents their diffusion.
C. It allows only lipid-soluble molecules to diffuse.
D. It enhances the diffusion of water but not hydrophilic substances.

A

B. It creates a barrier that prevents their diffusion.

50
Q

Question 6: Which lipids are the most abundant in the cell membrane and form self-sealing lipid bilayers?

A. Glycolipids
B. Phospholipids
C. Hydrophilic lipids
D. Cholesterol

A

B. Phospholipids

51
Q

Question 7: What are membrane lipid rafts, and what functions do they serve?

A. Membrane lipid rafts are regions where lipids and proteins are evenly distributed.
B. They are rigid structures that provide support to the membrane.
C. They are sites for cellular polarity and signaling, among other functions.
D. They are areas where lipid-soluble molecules are concentrated.

A

C. They are sites for cellular polarity and signalling, among other functions.

52
Q

Question 8: How are proteins associated with the lipid bilayer of cell membranes?

A. All proteins extend across the bilayer.
B. Proteins are located almost entirely in the cytosol.
C. Some proteins are attached to the membrane by covalently attached lipid groups.
D. All proteins are bound indirectly to the bilayer membrane face.

A

C. Some proteins are attached to the membrane by covalently attached lipid groups.

53
Q

Question 9: What is the primary characteristic of hydrophilic units in membrane proteins?

A. They are located inside the molecule.
B. They are exposed at the surface of the protein.
C. They are bound to lipids.
D. They are densely folded.

A

B. They are exposed at the surface of the protein.

54
Q

Question 10: How are membrane proteins synthesized and transported to different membrane locations within a cell?

A. They are synthesized in the nucleus and transported to the membrane.
B. They are synthesized by ribosomes and undergo trafficking to various locations.
C. They are synthesized directly within the lipid bilayer.
D. They are transported via vesicles from one membrane to another.

A

B. They are synthesized by ribosomes and undergo trafficking to various locations.

55
Q

Question 1: What is the primary role of proteins in determining membrane functions?

A. Providing rigidity to the lipid bilayer
B. Serving as a barrier to the diffusion of ions
C. Acting as recognition and binding units for substances
D. Controlling the concentration of sodium ions (Na+)

A

C. Acting as recognition and binding units for substances

56
Q

Question 2: How do membrane proteins contribute to energy transduction in cells?

A. By converting electrical energy into chemical energy
B. By promoting the concentration of sodium ions (Na+) within the cell
C. By converting chemical energy into electrical energy
D. By facilitating the synthesis of glucose

A

C. By converting chemical energy into electrical energy

57
Q

Question 3: What is the role of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) in membrane function?

A. They act as recognition units for extracellular substances.
B. They transport amino acids and monosaccharides.
C. They promote the formation of glycoproteins.
D. They allow cells to form attachments to the cytoskeleton.

A

D. They allow cells to form attachments to the cytoskeleton.

58
Q

Question 4: What is the term for the meshwork of proteins attached to the underside of the plasma membrane in animal cells?

A. Protein network
B. Lipid bilayer
C. Cell cortex
D. Glycocalyx

A

C. Cell cortex

59
Q

Question 5: How does the proteostasis network regulate protein homeostasis in a cell?

A. By breaking down ribosomes and chaperones
B. By controlling nutrient supply to the cell
C. By regulating the number of copies of a protein in the cell
D. By synthesizing proteoglycans

A

C. By regulating the number of copies of a protein in the cell

60
Q

Question 6: Where is the carbohydrate coating called the glycocalyx located?

A. Inside the plasma membrane
B. On the outer surface of the plasma membrane
C. In the cytoplasm
D. Attached to the nuclear envelope

A

B. On the outer surface of the plasma membrane

61
Q

Question 7: What is the function of proteoglycans in the plasma membrane?

A. To transport ions across the membrane
B. To act as receptors for extracellular molecules
C. To serve as recognition units for neutrophils
D. To form a slimy surface for cellular mobility

A

D. To form a slimy surface for cellular mobility

62
Q

Question 8: How does the glycocalyx protect the cell?

A. By preventing the binding of lectins
B. By increasing mechanical damage to the cell
C. By acting as a barrier to the diffusion of ions
D. By helping protect the cell from mechanical damage

A

D. By helping protect the cell from mechanical damage

63
Q

Question 9: What is the primary function of lectins in intercellular recognition?

A. To promote the formation of glycolipids
B. To bind to specific oligosaccharides
C. To transport neutrophils to the site of infection
D. To eliminate invading bacteria

A

B. To bind to specific oligosaccharides

64
Q

Question 10: Under what conditions can malfunction or failure of the proteostasis network be associated with human disease?

A. Variations in nutrient supply
B. Presence of heavy metal ions
C. Changes in temperature
D. All of the above

A

D. All of the above

Pathophysiology + Pharm (18 decks)

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