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Pathophysiology + Pharm > Week 3 > Flashcards

Week 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Flashcard 1 - Tumor Types

Question: Which type of tumor is usually encapsulated, well-differentiated, and does not spread to distant locations?
A) Malignant tumor
B) Benign tumor
C) Metastatic tumor
D) Hematologic tumor

A

Answer: B) Benign tumor

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2
Q

Flashcard 2 - Malignant Tumors

Question: What distinguishes malignant tumors from benign tumors?
A) They have a capsule.
B) They have slower growth rates.
C) They lack microscopic alterations.
D) They invade blood vessels and lymphatics and have distant metastases.

A

Answer: D) They invade blood vessels and lymphatics and have distant metastases.

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3
Q

Flashcard 3 - Carcinoma Definition

Question: Which type of cancer arises from epithelial tissue?
A) Leukemia
B) Sarcoma
C) Carcinoma
D) Lymphoma

A

Answer: C) Carcinoma

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4
Q

Flashcard 4 - Driver Mutations

Question: What are driver mutations in cancer responsible for?
A) Stimulating apoptosis
B) Preventing telomerase activity
C) Promoting cancer progression
D) Inhibiting angiogenesis

A

Answer: C) Promoting cancer progression

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5
Q

Flashcard 5 - Oncogenes and RAS

Question: Some oncogenes, like RAS, result from what type of mutations?
A) Deletions
B) Point mutations
C) Tandem duplications
D) Translocations

A

Answer: B) Point mutations

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6
Q

Flashcard 6 - Tumor-Suppressor Genes

Question: How are tumor-suppressor genes inactivated in cancer cells?
A) By translocations
B) By mutations to one allele
C) By increased expression
D) By epigenetic changes

A

Answer: B) By mutations to one allele

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7
Q

Flashcard 7 - p53 Mutation

Question: Inactivation of the tumor-suppressor gene p53 increases what in cancer cells?
A) DNA repair
B) Cellular proliferation during genomic repair
C) Mutation rates
D) Gene expression

A

Answer: C) Mutation rates

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8
Q

Flashcard 8 - Caretaker Genes

Question: What is the role of caretaker genes in cancer?
A) Promote cell growth
B) Prevent mutations
C) Cause aneuploidy
D) Inhibit angiogenesis

A

Answer: B) Prevent mutations

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9
Q

Flashcard 9 - Immortality of Cancer Cells

Question: What allows cancer cells to become immortal?
A) Activation of telomerase
B) High mutation rates
C) Overexpression of tumor suppressors
D) Increased apoptosis

A

Answer: A) Activation of telomerase

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10
Q

Flashcard 10 - Tumor Microenvironment

Question: What is essential for tumor growth?
A) High oxygen levels
B) Access to the vascular system
C) Lack of stromal cells
D) Low glucose utilization

A

Answer: B) Access to the vascular system

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11
Q

Flashcard 11 - Hypoxia and Cancer

Question: In what type of environment does cancer cell division often occur?
A) Highly oxygenated
B) Acidic and hypoxic
C) Alkaline and hypoxic
D) Free of glucose

A

Answer: B) Acidic and hypoxic

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12
Q

Flashcard 12 - Apoptosis Resistance

Question: What provides resistance to apoptotic cell death in cancer cells?
A) Low glucose utilization
B) High p53 activity
C) Overexpression of Bcl-2
D) Reduced telomerase activity

A

Answer: C) Overexpression of Bcl-2

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13
Q

Question: Which condition increases the risk of developing cancer due to chronic inflammation?
A) Smoking
B) High dietary fiber intake
C) Infection with Helicobacter pylori
D) Physical exercise

A

Answer: C) Infection with Helicobacter pylori

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14
Q

Flashcard 14 - Tumor Microenvironment

Question: What role do stromal cells, particularly tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), play in cancer progression?
A) Inhibiting angiogenesis
B) Suppressing infiltrating immune cells
C) Promoting gene mutations
D) Assisting in invasion and metastasis

A

Answer: D) Assisting in invasion and metastasis

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15
Q

Flashcard 15 - Immune Response and Cancer

Question: How do immune cells recognize and destroy tumor cells?
A) By increasing angiogenesis
B) Through production of immunosuppressive factors
C) By suppressing expression of antigen-presenting MHC class I molecules
D) By recognizing unique antigens and markers

A

Answer: D) By recognizing unique antigens and markers

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16
Q

Flashcard 16 - Cancer Stem Cells

Question: What is the significance of cancer stem cells?
A) They are sensitive to chemotherapy.
B) They only exist in rare families.
C) They provide a source of immortal cells.
D) They have low resistance to apoptosis.

A

Answer: C) They provide a source of immortal cells.

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17
Q

Flashcard 17 - Metastasis Process

Question: What does metastasis require cells to have?
A) Few new abilities
B) Increased sensitivity to apoptosis
C) Greater genetic stability
D) Many new abilities

A

Answer: D) Many new abilities

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18
Q

Flashcard 18 - Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition

Question: What happens to carcinomas during the process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)?
A) They become more polarized.
B) They lose adhesion to the basement membrane.
C) Their migration capacity decreases.
D) They become more differentiated.

A

Answer: B) They lose adhesion to the basement membrane.

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19
Q

Flashcard 19 - Metastasis Site Homing

Question: Why do some cancers appear to selectively home to particular metastatic sites?
A) They lack unique receptors.
B) They lack the ability to migrate.
C) They have specific receptors for ligands at those sites.
D) They have resistance to apoptosis.

A

Answer: C) They have specific receptors for ligands at those sites.

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20
Q

Flashcard 30 - Paraneoplastic Syndromes

Question: What characterizes paraneoplastic syndromes in cancer patients?
A) Symptoms caused by the local effects of the cancer.
B) Rare symptom complexes not related to cancer.
C) Symptoms resulting from chemotherapy.
D) Symptoms only seen in the early stages of cancer.

A

Answer: B) Rare symptom complexes, often caused by biologically active substances or immune responses, not directly related to local cancer effects.

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21
Q

Flashcard 31 - Common Cancer Symptoms

Question: Which of the following is the most frequently reported symptom of cancer and cancer treatment?
A) Anemia
B) Cachexia
C) Fatigue
D) Leukopenia

A

Answer: C) Fatigue

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22
Q

Flashcard 32 - Cachexia in Cancer

Question: What are the two most significant factors contributing to cachexia in cancer patients?
A) Anorexia and muscle wasting
B) Leukopenia and thrombocytopenia
C) Anemia and cachexia
D) Pain and infection

A

Answer: A) Anorexia and muscle wasting

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23
Q

Flashcard 33 - Causes of Anemia in Cancer

Question: In cancer patients, anemia is commonly caused by which of the following factors?
A) Anorexia
B) Chronic bleeding and iron deficiency
C) Leukopenia
D) Radiation therapy

A

Answer: B) Chronic bleeding and resultant iron deficiency.

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24
Q

Flashcard 34 - Gastrointestinal Effects of Cancer Treatment

Question: How do both chemotherapy and radiation therapy affect the gastrointestinal tract in cancer patients?
A) Promote oral health
B) Cause increased cell turnover
C) Enhance nutrient absorption
D) Decrease cell turnover, leading to issues like oral ulcers and malabsorption.

A

Answer: D) Decrease cell turnover, leading to issues like oral ulcers and malabsorption.

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25
Q

Flashcard 35 - Tumor Staging

Question: In the T (tumour spread), N (node involvement), and M (metastasis) staging system for cancer, which component indicates the degree to which the tumour has locally invaded?
A) T (tumour spread)
B) N (node involvement)
C) M (metastasis)
D) All of the above

A

Answer: A) T (tumour spread)

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26
Q

Flashcard 36 - Immunohistochemical Analysis

Question: What does modern cancer classification involve, in addition to gross and light microscopic appearance?
A) Only molecular analysis
B) Immunohistochemical analysis of protein expression
C) Only staging
D) Clinical observation

A

Answer: B) Immunohistochemical analysis of protein expression.

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27
Q

Flashcard 37 - Tumor Markers

Question: How are tumor markers used in cancer diagnosis and management?
A) To screen individuals at low risk for cancer.
B) To diagnose specific types of tumors.
C) To replace biopsy in cancer diagnosis.
D) To assess the physical size of the tumor.

A

Answer: B) To diagnose specific types of tumors.

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28
Q

Flashcard 38 - Radiation Therapy Goal

Question: What is the primary goal of radiation therapy in cancer treatment?
A) To eradicate the tumor with minimal damage to healthy tissue.
B) To stimulate tumor growth.
C) To replace surgery.
D) To induce muscle wasting.

A

Answer: A) To eradicate the tumor with minimal damage to healthy tissue.

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29
Q

Flashcard 40 - Immunotherapy in Cancer

Question: What is the goal of immunotherapy in cancer treatment?
A) To promote tumor growth
B) To destroy the immune system
C) To suppress the immune system
D) To modify the immune system from a cancer-protective state to a destructive condition.

A

Answer: D) To modify the immune system from a cancer-protective state to a destructive condition.

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29
Q

Flashcard 39 - Chemotherapy Targeting

Question: What is the theoretical basis of chemotherapy in cancer treatment?
A) Chemotherapy primarily targets non-dividing cells.
B) Chemotherapy targets tumor cells during their resting phase.
C) Chemotherapy exploits the vulnerability of tumor cells at various stages of the cell cycle.
D) Chemotherapy only targets cell division.

A

Answer: C) Chemotherapy exploits the vulnerability of tumor cells at various stages of the cell cycle.

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30
Q

Flashcard 41 - Histological Analysis

Question: What is the primary step in diagnosing cancer when a suspicious tumor is identified?
A) Genetic analysis
B) Pathological analysis, including histological examination
C) Staging
D) Immunotherapy

A

Answer: B) Pathological analysis, including histological examination.

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31
Q

Flashcard 42 - Tumor Staging Components

Question: Which component of the T (tumour spread), N (node involvement), and M (metastasis) staging system for cancer indicates distant metastasis?
A) T (tumour spread)
B) N (node involvement)
C) M (metastasis)
D) All of the above

A

Answer: C) M (metastasis)

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32
Q

Flashcard 43 - Molecular Tumor Analysis

Question: In modern cancer classification, what supplements the traditional gross and microscopic analysis of tumors?
A) X-ray analysis
B) Immunohistochemical analysis
C) Genetic analysis only
D) Surgical staging

A

Answer: B) Immunohistochemical analysis.

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33
Q

Flashcard 44 - Clinical Use of Tumor Markers

Question: How are tumor markers utilized in the clinical management of cancer patients?
A) To replace biopsy procedures
B) To predict a patient’s age
C) To follow the clinical course of cancer and evaluate treatment response.
D) To create 3D models of tumors.

A

Answer: C) To follow the clinical course of cancer and evaluate treatment response.

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34
Q

Flashcard 45 - Role of Surgery in Cancer

Question: In cancer treatment, what is the primary purpose of surgical therapy?
A) To promote tumor growth
B) To alleviate symptoms
C) To eliminate distant metastases
D) To replace chemotherapy.

A

Answer: B) To alleviate symptoms.

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35
Q

Flashcard 46 - Ionizing Radiation in Cancer

Question: What is the main goal of radiation therapy in the context of cancer treatment?
A) To stimulate tumor growth
B) To damage healthy tissues and promote cachexia
C) To damage the tumor without causing excessive toxicity to normal tissues.
D) To eradicate all leukocytes.

A

Answer: C) To damage the tumor without causing excessive toxicity to normal tissues.

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36
Q

Flashcard 47 - Chemotherapy Strategy

Question: What characterizes modern chemotherapy strategies in cancer treatment?
A) The use of a single medication to target tumors.
B) Targeting tumor cells specifically during their resting phase.
C) The use of medication combinations with different targets and toxicities.
D) Avoiding medication combinations.

A

Answer: C) The use of medication combinations with different targets and toxicities.

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37
Q

Flashcard 48 - Immune System Modification in Immunotherapy

Question: What does immunotherapy aim to do in the context of the immune system?
A) To suppress the immune system entirely.
B) To maintain the immune system in a cancer-protective state.
C) To replace the immune system with artificial immune cells.
D) To modify the immune system from a cancer-protective state to a destructive condition.

A

Answer: D) To modify the immune system from a cancer-protective state to a destructive condition.

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38
Q

Flashcard 49 - Tumor Targeting in Future Cancer Treatment

Question: How is the future treatment of tumors expected to be different from current approaches?
A) There will be no changes in cancer treatment approaches.
B) All cancers will be treated with surgery.
C) Individualized treatment based on histological and genetic analysis.
D) Immunotherapy will replace all other treatment modalities.

A

Answer: C) Individualized treatment based on histological and genetic analysis.

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39
Q

Flashcard 50 - Multimodal Approach

Question: Which of the following represents a common approach in cancer treatment?
A) Targeting only a single pathway.
B) Using a single medication for all cancers.
C) Employing a combination of tumor-targeting medications to disrupt multiple hallmarks of a specific cancer.
D) Avoiding immunotherapy.

A

Answer: C) Employing a combination of tumor-targeting medications to disrupt multiple hallmarks of a specific cancer.

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40
Q

Flashcard 51 - Influence of Environmental and Lifestyle Factors

Question: What factors contribute to the development of cancer?
A) Genetic alterations only
B) Environmental and lifestyle factors, genetic alterations, and epigenetic abnormalities
C) Immune system strength
D) Hair color

A

Answer: B) Environmental and lifestyle factors, genetic alterations, and epigenetic abnormalities.

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41
Q

Flashcard 52 - The Global Burden of Cancer

Question: What is the current trend in the global distribution of cancer cases?
A) More cases in economically disadvantaged countries
B) More cases in more developed countries
C) Equal distribution across all regions
D) Decline in cancer cases worldwide

A

Answer: A) More cases in economically disadvantaged countries.

42
Q

Flashcard 53 - Declining Cancer Death Rates

Question: What has been the trend in cancer death rates since the early 1990s?
A) Constant increase
B) Declining rates for men but increasing rates for women
C) Declining rates for both men and women
D) Increasing rates for both men and women

A

Answer: C) Declining rates for both men and women.

43
Q

Flashcard 54 - Impact of Early Life Events

Question: How do early life events potentially influence later susceptibility to chronic diseases?
A) They have no effect on chronic diseases.
B) They only affect susceptibility to infectious diseases.
C) They can influence later susceptibility to chronic diseases.
D) They are only relevant in adulthood.

A

Answer: C) They can influence later susceptibility to chronic diseases.

44
Q

Flashcard 55 - Role of Diet and Carcinogens

Question: What can potentially lead to the development of carcinogenic substances related to diet?
A) Genetic mutations
B) Consumption of plant foods
C) Heterocyclic aromatic amines from cooking fat and protein
D) Exposure to sunlight

A

Answer: C) Heterocyclic aromatic amines from cooking fat and protein.

45
Q

Flashcard 56 - Mechanisms of Obesity-Associated Cancer Risks

Question: What are the three main factors related to obesity and cancer risks?
A) Blood type, hair color, and eye color
B) Hormone therapy, antibiotics, and painkillers
C) Insulin–IGF-1 axis, sex hormones, and adipokines
D) Age, gender, and ethnicity

A

Answer: C) Insulin–IGF-1 axis, sex hormones, and adipokines.

46
Q

Flashcard 57 - Alcohol and Cancer

Question: What is the primary substance responsible for the link between alcohol and cancer?
A) Caffeine
B) Ethanol
C) Vitamin C
D) Probiotics

A

Answer: B) Ethanol.

47
Q

Flashcard 58 - Benefits of Physical Activity

Question: How does physical activity help reduce the risk of certain cancers?
A) By increasing sugar intake
B) By promoting weight gain
C) By increasing levels of free radicals
D) By decreasing insulin and IGF levels, among other mechanisms

A

Answer: D) By decreasing insulin and IGF levels, among other mechanisms.

48
Q

Flashcard 59 - Recommended Physical Activity

Question: According to the Canadian 24-Hour Movement Guidelines, how much physical activity per week can help reduce the risk of certain conditions, including some cancers?
A) At least 10 minutes per week
B) At least 60 minutes per week
C) At least 150 minutes per week
D) At least 300 minutes per week

A

Answer: C) At least 150 minutes per week.

49
Q

Flashcard 60 - Exercise in Children with Cancer

Question: What benefits were associated with exercise in children with cancer?
A) Increased risk of infection
B) Improved body composition, flexibility, and cardiorespiratory fitness
C) Reduced appetite
D) Enhanced cytochrome P-450 activity

A

Answer: B) Improved body composition, flexibility, and cardiorespiratory fitness.

50
Q

Flashcard 61 - Ionizing Radiation Effects

Question: What is one of the primary sources of knowledge regarding the effects of ionizing radiation (IR) on human cancer?
A) Medical imaging
B) Studies of underground miners
C) Exposure to tanning beds
D) Observations of space radiation

A

Answer: B) Studies of underground miners.

51
Q

Flashcard 62 - Radiation-Induced Cancers

Question: From atomic bomb exposures, which types of cancers showed increased frequencies?
A) Breast and lung cancer
B) Melanoma and colorectal cancer
C) Thyroid and breast cancer
D) Leukemia and lymphoma

A

Answer: C) Thyroid and breast cancer.

52
Q

Flashcard 63 - Radiation Exposure Risks

Question: Excess relative risks (ERRs) for radiation-induced cancers are higher for individuals exposed during which period of life?
A) Adulthood
B) Adolescence
C) Childhood
D) Old age

A

Answer: C) Childhood.

53
Q

Flashcard 64 - Ionizing Radiation and Carcinogenesis

Question: In modern models of carcinogenesis, what role does ionizing radiation (IR) play?
A) Initiator of cancer
B) Promoter of pre-existing damage
C) Suppressor of premalignant cell clones
D) Inhibitor of inflammation

A

Answer: B) Promoter of pre-existing damage.

54
Q

Flashcard 65 - Health Risks of Ionizing Radiation

Question: In addition to cancer, what are some other health risks associated with ionizing radiation?
A) Improved immune function
B) Cardiovascular effects and somatic mutations
C) Enhanced cell regeneration
D) Decreased risk of osteoporosis

A

Answer: B) Cardiovascular effects and somatic mutations.

55
Q

Flashcard 66 - Debate Over Low-Dose Radiation Risks

Question: Why is there ongoing debate among experts regarding the risks of low-dose radiation?
A) Low-dose radiation is not harmful.
B) Lack of data on low-dose radiation effects
C) Consensus on low-dose radiation risks
D) Clear evidence of low-dose radiation benefits

A

Answer: B) Lack of data on low-dose radiation effects.

56
Q

Flashcard 67 - Mechanisms of Ionizing Radiation

Question: How does ionizing radiation affect DNA and cellular processes?
A) It enhances DNA repair mechanisms.
B) It reduces mitochondrial function.
C) It doesn’t affect nucleotide base damage.
D) It causes single-strand and double-strand DNA breaks.

A

Answer: D) It causes single-strand and double-strand DNA breaks.

57
Q

Flashcard 68 - Genomic Instability and Ionizing Radiation

Question: How can ionizing radiation contribute to genomic instability?
A) By stabilizing DNA
B) By inhibiting cell division
C) By limiting DNA damage
D) By affecting progeny cells over many generations

A

Answer: D) By affecting progeny cells over many generations.

58
Q

Flashcard 70 - Ultraviolet Radiation Sources

Question: What is the primary source of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on Earth?
A) Electric lights
B) X-rays
C) Sunlight
D) Tanning lamps

A

Answer: C) Sunlight.

59
Q

Flashcard 69 - Epigenetic Effects of Ionizing Radiation

Question: What are some epigenetic events associated with ionizing radiation exposure?
A) Enhanced DNA replication
B) Altered metabolic processes
C) Changes in cell adhesion and communication
D) Decreased mitochondrial function

A

Answer: C) Changes in cell adhesion and communication.

60
Q

Question: Which characteristic is considered a hallmark of cancer cells and represents a loss of cellular differentiation?
A) Angiogenesis
B) Pleomorphism
C) Apoptosis
D) DNA repair

A

Answer: B) Pleomorphism.

61
Q

Flashcard 2 - Replicative Immortality

Question: How do cancer cells achieve replicative immortality, allowing them to divide continuously?
A) Activation of telomerase
B) Increased apoptosis
C) Telomere shortening
D) Reduced angiogenesis

A

Answer: A) Activation of telomerase.

62
Q

Flashcard 3 - Angiogenesis in Cancer

Question: Why is angiogenesis crucial for the growth and spread of tumors?
A) It prevents immune response.
B) It promotes cellular differentiation.
C) Tumors need a blood supply.
D) It enhances DNA repair mechanisms.

A

Answer: C) Tumors need a blood supply.

63
Q

Flashcard 4 - Resisting Apoptosis in Cancer

Question: What is the primary mechanism by which cancer cells resist apoptosis?
A) Activation of pro-apoptotic proteins
B) Inhibition of telomerase
C) Blocking of extrinsic pathway
D) Upregulation of anti-apoptotic molecules

A

Answer: D) Upregulation of anti-apoptotic molecules.

64
Q

Flashcard 5 - Chronic Inflammation in Cancer

Question: How does chronic inflammation contribute to the development of cancer?
A) It activates apoptosis.
B) It promotes immune responses.
C) It suppresses tumor growth.
D) It recruits local and distant cells, aiding tumor progression.

A

Answer: D) It recruits local and distant cells, aiding tumor progression.

65
Q

Flashcard 6 - Evading Immune Destruction

Question: Which process in the immune system is responsible for detecting and killing cancer cells ideally?
A) Immune suppression
B) Immune surveillance
C) Angiogenesis
D) Telomerase activation

A

Answer: B) Immune surveillance.

66
Q

Flashcard 7 - Immune System in Cancer

Question: What type of cells is ideally involved in detecting and killing cancer cells as part of immune surveillance?
A) T-reg cells
B) Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs)
C) Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
D) B-cell lymphocytes

A

Answer: C) Cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

67
Q

Flashcard 8 - Immunotherapy in Cancer

Question: What is the main goal of immunotherapy in cancer treatment?
A) Inducing angiogenesis
B) Suppressing apoptosis
C) Enhancing chronic inflammation
D) Targeting tumor-associated antigens

A

Answer: D) Targeting tumor-associated antigens.

68
Q

Flashcard 9 - Cancer in Immunocompromised Patients

Question: What is the primary consequence of immunosuppression in patients, such as transplant recipients?
A) Increased susceptibility to autoimmune diseases
B) Decreased risk of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
C) Enhanced activation of apoptosis
D) Increased incidence of various cancers

A

Answer: D) Increased incidence of various cancers.

69
Q

Flashcard 10 - Mechanisms of Immune Evasion

Question: What is a key mechanism by which cancer cells resist immune responses and evade immune destruction?
A) Activation of immune checkpoint inhibitors
B) Increased apoptosis sensitivity
C) Loss of telomerase activity
D) Reduced angiogenic factors

A

Answer: A) Activation of immune checkpoint inhibitors.

70
Q

Flashcard 11 - Heterogeneity in Tumor Cells

Question: What can make it challenging to mediate an immune response against cancer cells?
A) High levels of T-reg cells
B) Low levels of angiogenic factors
C) Decreased chronic inflammation
D) Increased heterogeneity of tumor cells

A

Answer: D) Increased heterogeneity of tumor cells.

71
Q

Flashcard 12 - Initiators of Chronic Inflammation in Cancer

Question: Which of the following infections is associated with chronic inflammation and an increased risk of cancer?
A) Infection with the common cold virus
B) Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection
C) Infection with the flu virus
D) Hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection

A

Answer: B) Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection.

72
Q

Flashcard 13 - Role of TAMs in Cancer

Question: What do tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs produce that is advantageous for tumor growth and spread?
A) Anti-inflammatory mediators
B) Pro-apoptotic proteins
C) Immune checkpoint inhibitors
D) Pro-inflammatory cytokines

A

Answer: A) Anti-inflammatory mediators.

73
Q

Flashcard 14 - Importance of ECM in Tumors

Question: How do cancer-associated fibroblasts contribute to cancer progression?
A) By promoting apoptosis in cancer cells
B) By generating excessive immune responses
C) By synthesizing the extracellular matrix (ECM)
D) By activating angiogenic factors

A

Answer: C) By synthesizing the extracellular matrix (ECM).

74
Q

Flashcard 15 - Role of Chronic Inflammation in GI Tract

Question: In which area is chronic inflammation more likely to cause cancer?
A) Central nervous system
B) Gastrointestinal (GI) tract
C) Lungs
D) Skin

A

Answer: B) Gastrointestinal (GI) tract.

75
Q

Flashcard 1 - Metastasis Overview

Question: What is metastasis in the context of cancer?
A) The removal of a primary tumor
B) The first stage of cancer development
C) The spread of cancer cells from the primary tumor to distant tissues
D) A benign tumor

A

Answer: C) The spread of cancer cells from the primary tumor to distant tissues.

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Flashcard 2 - Metastasis Treatment Challenges

Question: Why are treatment outcomes less favorable for metastasized cancer compared to non-metastasized cancer?
A) Surgery is more effective for metastasized cancer
B) Chemotherapy is usually not used for metastasized cancer
C) Metastasized cancer is often incurable
D) Radiation therapy is more potent for metastasized cancer

A

Answer: C) Metastasized cancer is often incurable.

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Flashcard 3 - Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT)

Question: What does EMT stand for, and why is it crucial in metastasis?
A) Epidermal-Mesenchymal Transition, increasing cell adhesion
B) Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition, reducing resistance to apoptosis
C) Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition, enabling cancer cell detachment from the extracellular matrix
D) Endothelial-Mesenchymal Transition, promoting angiogenesis

A

Answer: C) Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition, enabling cancer cell detachment from the extracellular matrix.

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Flashcard 4 - Role of Tumor Microenvironment

Question: What role do cytokines and chemokines play in metastasis?
A) They inhibit the EMT process
B) They stimulate apoptosis in cancer cells
C) They drive the transition to a mesenchymal-like phenotype
D) They promote cell adhesion

A

Answer: C) They drive the transition to a mesenchymal-like phenotype.

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Flashcard 5 - Invasion in Metastasis

Question: What is a prerequisite for metastasis?
A) Proliferation of cancer cells
B) Invasion of cancer cells into surrounding tissues
C) Resistance to apoptosis
D) The development of a primary tumor

A

Answer: B) Invasion of cancer cells into surrounding tissues.

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Flashcard 6 - Role of TAMs and Stromal Cells

Question: How do tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs and stromal cells) contribute to metastasis?
A) They inhibit cancer cell movement
B) They promote cell-to-cell adhesion
C) They secrete proteases that create pathways for cancer cell movement
D) They inhibit neoangiogenesis

A

Answer: C) They secrete proteases that create pathways for cancer cell movement.

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Flashcard 7 - Site-Specific Metastasis

Question: Why do different cancers have preferences for specific sites of metastasis?
A) It is entirely random and not influenced by any factors
B) Specific interactions between cancer cells and receptors on blood vessels
C) Genetic mutations in cancer cells
D) The size of the primary tumor

A

Answer: B) Specific interactions between cancer cells and receptors on blood vessels.

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Flashcard 8 - Tumor-Initiating Cells (TICs)

Question: What makes TICs (cancer stem cells) resistant to chemotherapy and radiation?
A) They lack the ability to initiate metastasis
B) They are sensitive to apoptosis
C) They are the first cells to establish a tumor
D) They have properties that make them resistant to therapy

A

Answer: D) They have properties that make them resistant to therapy.

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Flashcard 9 - Dormancy in Cancer

Question: What does the term “dormancy” refer to in the context of cancer?
A) A stage of cancer development
B) A state of rapid cell proliferation
C) A nonproliferative state of cancer cells that can persist for years
D) The location of the primary tumor

A

Answer: C) A nonproliferative state of cancer cells that can persist for years.

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Flashcard 10 - Environmental Niche

Question: What can contribute to cancer cell dormancy?
A) Features of the cell
B) The presence of TICs
C) The specific environmental niche
D) Increased proliferation

A

Answer: C) The specific environmental niche.

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Flashcard 11 - Chemotherapy Categories

Question: What are the main categories of chemotherapy based on their mechanisms of action?
A) Cell growth inhibitors and antioxidants
B) Hormone disruptors and cell adhesion inhibitors
C) Antimetabolites and DNA-damaging agents
D) Anti-inflammatory agents and immunomodulators

A

Answer: C) Antimetabolites and DNA-damaging agents.

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Flashcard 12 - Radiation Therapy Delivery Methods

Question: What are the various delivery methods for radiation therapy?
A) Intravenous radiation and subcutaneous radiation
B) Teletherapy, radioactive pellet implantation (brachytherapy), and radiofrequency ablation
C) Immunotherapy and targeted therapy
D) Chemotherapy and hormone therapy

A

Answer: B) Teletherapy, radioactive pellet implantation (brachytherapy), and radiofrequency ablation.

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Flashcard 13 - Key Principles in Cancer Surgery

Question: What are some key principles that apply specifically to cancer surgery?
A) Maintaining a sterile surgical field and using general anesthesia
B) Obtaining adequate surgical margins, careful placement of needle tracks, and obtaining adequate tissue specimens
C) Using laser surgery and robotic-assisted surgery
D) Minimizing blood loss and operating quickly

A

Answer: B) Obtaining adequate surgical margins, careful placement of needle tracks, and obtaining adequate tissue specimens.

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Flashcard 14 - Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors

Question: How do checkpoint inhibitors work in immune cell therapy?
A) They suppress the immune system
B) They stimulate the production of TICs
C) They block molecules that repress T cells, allowing them to kill tumor cells
D) They directly destroy cancer cells

A

Answer: C) They block molecules that repress T cells, allowing them to kill tumor cells.

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Flashcard 15 - Complications Associated with Cancer Therapies

Question: Which of the following is the most significant cause of complications and death in cancer therapy?
A) Metastasis
B) Leukopenia
C) Tumor progression
D) Infection

A

Answer: D) Infection.

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Flashcard 16 - Infections Causing Cancer

Question: Which of the following infections is known to cause stomach cancer?
A) Hepatitis B virus
B) Human papillomavirus
C) Helicobacter pylori
D) Epstein-Barr virus

A

Answer: C) Helicobacter pylori.

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Flashcard 17 - Immune-Related Adverse Events (IrAE)

Question: What are immune-related adverse events (IrAEs), and what is a common treatment for moderate to severe IrAEs?
A) IrAEs are cancer cell proliferation, and they are treated with targeted therapy
B) IrAEs are complications due to surgery, and they are treated with radiation therapy
C) IrAEs are a hyperimmune response, and they are treated with steroids (glucocorticoids)
D) IrAEs are secondary cancers, and they are treated with chemotherapy

A

Answer: C) IrAEs are a hyperimmune response, and they are treated with steroids (glucocorticoids).

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Flashcard 18 - Prevalence of Cancers in Canada

Question: Which of the following cancer types had the highest prevalence among individuals living in the highest income neighborhoods in Canada?
A) Colorectal cancer
B) Lung cancer
C) Breast cancer
D) Prostate cancer

A

Answer: C) Breast cancer.

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Flashcard 19 - Leukemia and Lymphoma

Question: Which leukemia is most common in adults, and what has contributed to increased survival rates in leukemia patients?
A) CLL is most common in adults, and improved nutrition.
B) AML is most common in adults, and better diagnostic tools.
C) CML is most common in adults, and advances in chemotherapy and bone marrow transplants.
D) ALL is most common in adults, and early detection through regular check-ups.

A

Answer: C) CML is most common in adults, and advances in chemotherapy and bone marrow transplants.

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Flashcard 20 - Canadian Cancer Screening Guidelines

Question: What is the recommended frequency of mammography screening for breast cancer in women aged 50 to 74 years?
A) Annually
B) Every 2 to 3 years
C) Every 5 years
D) Only when symptoms are present

A

Answer: B) Every 2 to 3 years.

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Flashcard 21 - Lung Cancer Screening

Question: What is the recommended method of lung cancer screening for adults aged 55 to 74 years with a history of smoking?
A) Chest x-ray scan
B) Cytology screening
C) Low-dose computed tomography (LDCT)
D) Bronchoscopy

A

Answer: C) Low-dose computed tomography (LDCT).

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Flashcard 22 - Prostate Cancer Screening

Question: What is the recommended age group for PSA testing in men, according to Canadian guidelines?
A) All men, regardless of age
B) Men aged 40 and older
C) Men aged 55 to 69 years
D) Men aged 70 and older

A

Answer: C) Men aged 55 to 69 years.

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Flashcard 23 - Colorectal Cancer Screening

Question: What is the recommended screening method for average-risk adults aged 50 to 74 years for colorectal cancer?
A) Stool-based tests every 5 years
B) Colonoscopy every 5 years
C) Fecal occult blood testing every 2 years
D) Annual sigmoidoscopy

A

Answer: A) Stool-based tests every 2 years.

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Flashcard 24 - Cervical Cancer Screening

Question: What is the recommended screening method for asymptomatic women aged 30 to 69 years in Canada?
A) Mammography
B) Pap test screening every 3 years
C) Transvaginal ultrasound
D) HPV testing every 5 years

A

Answer: B) Pap test screening every 3 years.

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Flashcard 25 - Ovarian Cancer Screening

Question: What is the recommended screening method for asymptomatic women for ovarian cancer in Canada?
A) Transvaginal ultrasound
B) Cancer antigen test
C) Pap test
D) No recommended screening method

A

Answer: D) No recommended screening method.

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Flashcard 26 - Breast Cancer Screening Recommendations

Question: What is the primary focus of the updated breast cancer screening guidelines in Canada?
A) Encouraging mammography screening for women aged 40 and older.
B) Avoiding any screening methods other than mammography.
C) Shared decision-making with consideration of potential harms and benefits.
D) Using advanced imaging technologies for screening.

A

Answer: C) Shared decision-making with consideration of potential harms and benefits.

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Flashcard 27 - Colorectal Cancer Screening for High-Risk Patients

Question: What is the recommended screening method for high-risk adults who have a first-degree relative with colorectal cancer?
A) Stool-based tests every 2 years
B) Flexible sigmoidoscopy every 10 years
C) Colonoscopy every 5 to 10 years
D) CT colonography every 5 years

A

Answer: C) Colonoscopy every 5 to 10 years.

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Flashcard 28 - Lung Cancer Prevention

Question: Approximately what percentage of lung cancers can be prevented, with the majority of preventable cases attributed to what factor?
A) 40%, genetic factors
B) 50%, environmental pollutants
C) 70%, tobacco smoke
D) 90%, dietary choices

A

Answer: C) 70%, tobacco smoke.

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Pathophysiology + Pharm (18 decks)

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