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biochem > anaphy 6 > Flashcards

anaphy 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Components of Skeletal System

A

Bones
Cartilages
Tendons
Ligaments

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2
Q

Functions of the Skeletal System

A

Body support
Organ protect
Body movement
Mineral storage
Blood cell production

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3
Q

Bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments of the skeletal system are all ___ tissues.

A

connective

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4
Q

is a fibrous protein that provides flexibility but resists pulling or compression

A

Collagen

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5
Q

Matrix ground substance contains ____ which are water trapping proteins that help cartilage to be smooth and resilient.

A

proteoglycans

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6
Q

The extracellular matrix of tendons and ligaments contains large amounts of _____, making these structures very tough, like ropes or cables.

A

collagen fibers

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7
Q

Bone matrix is about ___ organic and ____ inorganic material by weight.

A

35%. 65%

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8
Q

The organic material is primarily _______ and _______

A

collagen and proteoglycans

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9
Q

The inorganic material is primarily a calcium phosphate crystal called ______

A

hydroxyapatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2.

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10
Q

_____ lend flexible strength to the bone

A

Collagen fibers

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11
Q

The _____ component gives bone compression (weight-bearing) strength.

A

mineral

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12
Q

_____ are responsible for the formation of bone and the repair and remodeling of bone.

A

Osteoblasts

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13
Q

Osteoblasts produce _

A

collagen and proteoglycans.

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14
Q

Osteoblasts also secrete high concentrations of Ca2+ and phosphate ions, forming crystals called

A

hydroxyapatite.

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15
Q

The formation of new bone by osteoblasts is called

A

ossification.

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16
Q

are cells that maintain bone matrix and form from osteoblast after bone matrix has surrounded it.

A

Osteocytes

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17
Q

Osteocytes account for _% of bone cells and are very long-lived.

A

90–95

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18
Q

Osteocyte cell bodies are housed within the bone matrix in spaces called ____
Their cell extensions are housed in narrow, long spaces called ___

A

lacunae. canaliculi.

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19
Q

are bone-destroying cells.

A

Osteoclasts

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20
Q

They contribute to bone repair and remodeling by removing existing bone, called bone reabsorption

A

Osteoclasts

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21
Q

As bone is broken down, the ___ goes into the blood.

A

Ca2+

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22
Q

Mature bone is called _. It is organized into thin, concentric sheets or layers, called

A

lamellar bone, lamellae.

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23
Q
A
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24
Q

___has less bone matrix and more space than ____, which has more bone matrix and less space.

A

Spongy bone ., compact bone

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25
Q

Spongy bone consists of interconnecting rods or plates of bone called

A

trabeculae.

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26
Q

Between the trabeculae are spaces, which in life are filled with

A

bone marrow and blood vessels.

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27
Q

, is the solid, outer layer surrounding each bone.

A

Compact bone, or cortical bone

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28
Q

The functional unit of compact bone is an _____. It is composed of concentric rings of matrix surrounding a central canal.

A

osteon

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29
Q

____ are concentric rings of bone matrix which surround the central canal.

A

Lamellae

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30
Q

Osteocytes are located in spaces called _____ between the lamellar rings.

A

lacunae

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31
Q

Small tunnels called ____radiate between lacunae across the lamellae.

A

canaliculi

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32
Q

____ connect osteocytes to one another, transport nutrients and remove waste.

A

____Canaliculi

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33
Q

The _ is the center portion of the bone which is composed of compact bone surrounding a hollow center called the medullary cavity.

A

diaphysis

34
Q

The ends of a long bone are called ______They contain mostly spongy bone, with an outer layer of compact bone.

A

epiphyses

35
Q

Within joints, the end of a long bone is covered with hyaline cartilage called ____

A

articular cartilage.

36
Q

The ___ is located between the epiphysis and the diaphysis. Growth in bone length occurs at this plate

A

epiphyseal plate

37
Q

When bone stops growing in length, the epiphyseal plate becomes ossified and is called the ____

A

epiphyseal line

38
Q

Cavities in spongy bone and the medullary cavity in the diaphysis are filled with soft tissue called

A

marrow

39
Q

is the location of blood forming cells.

A

Red marrow

40
Q

marrow is mostly fat.

A

Yellow

41
Q

The outer surface of a bone is covered by a connective tissue membrane called

A

periosteum

42
Q

The outer layer of periosteum contains ____
The inner layer is a single layer of bone cells, including ___

A

blood vessels and nerves.
osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

43
Q

The ____ is a single cell layer of connective tissue that lines the internal surfaces of all cavities within bones.
Tthis includes ____

A

endosteum
osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

44
Q

______ starts within embryonic connective tissue membranes.

A

Intramembranous ossification

45
Q

starts with a cartilage model

A

Endochondral ossification

46
Q

Bone Formation

A

Endochondral ossification
Intramembranous ossification

47
Q

Intramembranous ossification occurs when osteoblasts begin to produce bone within _______ tissue.
This occurs primarily in the bones of the____
Osteoblasts line up on the surface of connective tissue fibers and begin depositing bone matrix to form trabeculae.

A

connective, skull.

48
Q

Endochondral bone formation is bone formation within a

A

cartilage model.

49
Q

Bone Growth in Width

This process is called a

A

appositional growth.

50
Q

Bone Growth in Length
This type of bone growth occurs through

A

endochondral ossification.

51
Q

is a critical nutrient involved in many physiological processes including:
Stimulation and regulation of skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction
Exocytosis of cellular molecules, including those important for neural signaling

A

Calcium

52
Q

Calcium homeostasis is maintained by

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin.

53
Q

The average adult has _ bones.

A

206

54
Q

Bones are segregated into the

A

axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton.

55
Q

The term ______ refers to the two zones where the limbs are attached to the body.
These two zones are the pectoral _____ and the pelvic _____

A

girdle,

56
Q

There are four bone shape classifications: l

A

Long, short, flat, and irregular.

57
Q

Foramen:

A

hole

58
Q

Fossa:

A

depression

59
Q

Process:

A

projection

60
Q

Condyle:

A

smooth, rounded end

61
Q

Meatus or canal:

A

canal-like passageway

62
Q

Tubercle or tuberosity:

A

lump of bone

63
Q

The cranial bones are connected by immovable joints called

A

sutures

64
Q

There are four principal sutures:

A

coronal
sagittal
lambdoid
squamous

65
Q

Cheek bones
Also form floor and lateral wall of each eye orbit

A

Zygomatic bones

66
Q

Medial surfaces of eye orbits

A

Lacrimal bones

67
Q

Form bridge of nose

A

Nasal bones

68
Q

In midline of nasal cavity
Forms nasal septum with the ethmoid bone

A

Vomer

69
Q

The paranasal sinuses are:

A

Frontal
Ethmoid
Sphenoid
Maxillary

70
Q

Vertebral Column In adults, it usually consists of _ individual bones, grouped into five regions.

A

26

71
Q

cervical vertebra
thoracic vertebra
lumbar vertebra
sacrum
coccyx

A

7
12
5
1
1

72
Q

1st vertebra
holds head

A

Atlas:

73
Q

2nd vertebra
rotates head

A

Axis:

74
Q

Plane intervertebral

A

bertebral column

75
Q

joint of carpals. and sternum and clavilcle

A

carpometacarpal

76
Q

joint of humerus. ulna, radius, femur, tibia, between palanges, tibia, fibula

A

Hinge Cubital

77
Q

joints of atlas n axis, radius n ulna

A

pivot atlantoaxial

78
Q

joint of hip and scapula and humeros

A

ball n socket

79
Q

joint of atlas and occipital bone

A

ellipsoid atlantoccipital

80
Q

Flexion:
Extension:
Abduction:
Adduction:
Pronation:
Supination:
Rotation:

A

bending
straightening
movement away from midline
movement toward the midline
rotation of the forearm with palms down
rotation of the forearm with palms up
movement of a structure about the long axis

81
Q

blue naja

A

wr

biochem (45 decks)

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