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ANAPHY FINALS HEART Flashcards

(101 cards)

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1
Q

Located within mediastinum of thoracic cavity

A

Heart

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2
Q

________ surrounds heart, forming ______

A

Pericardium ; pericardial cavity

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3
Q

is posterior—site where great vessels attach to heart

A

Base

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4
Q

inferior tip of heart
• Just left of the sternum
• Indention forms cardiac notch of left lung

A

Apex

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5
Q

superior chambers

A

Atria

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6
Q

receives deoxygenated blood
from systemic circuit

A

Right atrium

Via superior, inferior vena cava and coronary sinus

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7
Q

receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary circuit

A

Left atrium

Via pulmonary veins

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8
Q

inferior chambers

A

Ventricles

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9
Q

ejects deoxygenated blood
into pulmonary trunk

A

Right ventricle

▪ Pulmonary trunk divides into pulmonary arteries and sends blood to lungs

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10
Q

ejects oxygenated blood into aorta

A

Left ventricle

Sends blood to systemic tissues

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11
Q

Circulation through the Heart

A

• Deoxygenated blood is received by right atrium
• Via superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus
• Blood enters right ventricle and is ejected into pulmonary trunk
• Pulmonary trunk divides to form pulmonary arteries that deliver blood to lungs
• Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from lungs to left atrium
• Oxygenated blood enters left ventricle and is ejected into aorta and systemic arteries

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12
Q

Two systems of blood vessels in human circulation

A

Systemic circuit

Pulmonary circuit

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13
Q

Transports oxygenated blood to tissues and returns deoxygenated blood back to heart

A

Systemic circuit

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14
Q

Transports deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs and returns oxygenated blood back to heart

A

Pulmonary circuit

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15
Q

Membranous sac that surrounds heart

A

Pericardium

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16
Q

attaches heart to
diaphragm

A

Fibrous pericardium

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17
Q

reduces friction as heart beats

A

Serous pericardium

• Parietal and visceral layers
• Pericardial cavity in between

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18
Q

Serous pericardium begins as a

A

fluid-filled sac

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19
Q

As heart enlarges, it—

A

Pushes into the sac

Results in a double-layered sac with a fluid-filled cavity between the heart and the pericardium

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20
Q

pouch-like extensions of each atrium • Allow atria to accept extra amounts of
blood

A

Auricles

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21
Q

Grooves that contain coronary blood vessels
Cite (3)

A

Sulci

• Coronary sulcus
• Anterior interventricular sulcus
• Posterior interventricular sulcus

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22
Q

are prominent on anterior surface

A

Left and right ventricles

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23
Q

protects the heart and blood vessels within sulci

A

Fat deposits

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24
Q

most superficial
• Same as visceral layer of serous pericardium
• simple squamous epithelium and a thin layer of areolar connective tissue

A

Epicardium

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25
contains cardiac muscle • Thickest layer of heart wall • Contains collagenous framework of heart, blood vessels, and nerves
Myocardium
26
deepest layer • Simple squamous epithelium • Continuous with endothelium of blood vessels
Endocardium
27
are oriented for effective contraction
Cardiac muscle fibers
28
Fibers wrap around each
Atrium
29
forces blood into the ventricles
Contraction of cardiac muscle
30
Fibers swirled from apex toward
great arteries around ventricles
31
forces blood into the great vessels
Contraction at apex
32
Transverse and coronal sections of the heart show
Myocardial thickness
33
Left ventricle has a _____ compared to the right ventricle. Hypertrophies early in life Due to increased resistance of the aorta (to systemic circuit), which must be overcome
Thicker myocardium
34
located between atria
Interatrial septum
35
Interatrial septum contains
Fossa ovalis
36
▪ Oval shaped depression ▪ Remnant of foramen ovale of fetal heart that allowed blood to bypass pulmonary circuit • Lungs don’t oxygenate blood in fetus ▪ Septum primum closes foramen ovale at birth
Fossa ovalis
37
located between ventricles • More muscular than interatrial septum • Aids in ventricular contraction
Interventricular septum
38
Separates atria from ventricles
Fibrous Skeleton of Heart
39
Fibrous Skeleton of Heart has _____ that allow blood to move through the heart
4 openings
40
between atria and ventricles
Atrioventricular (AV) valves
41
between ventricles and great vessels (pulmonary trunk and aorta)
Semilunar (SL) valves
42
prevent blood from moving in the wrong direction
Valves
43
Atrioventricular (AV) valves (2)
• Tricuspid valve on right • Bicuspid valve on left
44
Semilunar (SL) valves (2)
• Pulmonary valve on right • Aortic valve on left
45
open and close in response to pressure differences
Valves
46
_________ blood rushes toward atria and AV valves close
When ventricles contract
47
______ blood attempts to reenter heart and SL valves close
When ventricles relax
48
wall between ventricles
Interventricular septum
49
anchors AV valves
Chordae tendineae
50
large bundles of muscle attached to chordae tendineae
Papillary muscles
51
large ridges on interior of ventricular walls
Trabeculae carneae
52
Fills with venous blood during atrial relaxation • Venous return
Right atrium
53
The right atrium Contains _____ within auricle and anterior wall of chamber
pectinate muscles
54
In the right ventricle, Blood initially passes through the __
open tricuspid valve first
55
Receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium
Right ventricle
56
The Walls of ____ contain ridges of muscle called trabeculae carneae
Right ventricle
57
Pressure increases during
Ventricular contraction
58
(Right ventricle) Increased pressure closes ? yet opens ?
tricuspid valve ; pulmonary semilunar valve
59
(Right ventricle) Deoxygenated blood ejected into?
pulmonary trunk
60
After gas exchange in the lungs, oxygenated blood returns to?
left atrium Via pulmonary veins
61
(Left atrium) ? contains pectinate muscles
Auricle
62
Fills during atrial relaxation • Ejects blood through open bicuspid (mitral) valve into left ventricle
Left atrium
63
• Receives oxygenated blood from left atrium • Contraction closes bicuspid valve and opens aortic semilunar valve • Ejects oxygenated blood into the aorta and into the systemic circuit
Left ventricle
64
Failure to function properly leads to—
valvular heart disease
65
? occurs when valves allow blood to move in wrong direction (e.g., from ventricle into the atrium)
Regurgitation
66
This occurs when valves become calcified • Valve may be harder to open causing heart to work harder
Valve stenosis
67
• Arise from ascending aorta and travel in coronary sulcus • Fill during ventricular relaxation
Left and right coronary arteries
68
This branches to form circumflex artery and anterior interventricular artery
Left coronary artery
69
This branches to form marginal arteries and posterior interventricular artery
Right coronary artery
70
Travels in anterior interventricular sulcus
Great cardiac vein
71
This accompanies the circumflex artery
Posterior cardiac vein
72
This accompanies right coronary artery
Small cardiac vein
73
This accompany small cardiac artery
Anterior cardiac veins
74
Most ____ drain into coronary sulcus
cardiac veins
75
Leading cause of death worldwide
Coronary Artery Disease
76
_____ decreases coronary blood flow • Blockages visible on coronary angiogram • Begins as fatty streak during childhood and continues throughout life (Coronary Artery Disease)
Plaque buildup
77
Coronary Artery Disease can—
Can lead to hypoxia and myocardial ischemia
78
(Electrocardiogram) Leads on surface of _______ as they move through the body and cardiac muscle
body monitor electrical signals
79
(Electrocardiogram) An ___ evaluates ionic movement through the body
ECG
80
(Electrocardiogram) In contrast, a recording _____ evaluates ionic movement across a cellular membrane
microelectrode
81
Major components of a healthy ECG (3)
• P wave • QRS complex • T wave
82
atrial depolarization
P wave
83
—ventricular depolarization ▪ Atrial repolarization occurs at the same time
QRS complex
84
Ventricular repolarization
T wave
85
____ are regions between waves
ECG segments and intervals
86
ECG segments and intervals
PR interval ST segment
87
_____ from beginning of P wave to beginning of QRS complex
PR interval
88
▪ Delay usually indicates (PR interval)
heart block
89
Elevation usually indicates heart attack
ST segment
90
(Stages of the cardiac cycle) Contraction
Systole
91
(Stages of the cardiac cycle) Relaxation
Diastole
92
Stages of the cardiac cycle
1. Total diastole 2. Atrial systole 3. Early ventricular systole 4. Late ventricular systole 5. Early ventricular diastole
93
Pressure increases with
systole
94
Pressure increases with
systole
95
Pressure decreases with
diastole
96
Ventricles fill to End Diastolic Volume (EDV) of ____
~130mL
97
Stroke Volume (SV)—amount of blood ejected per beat; _____
~70mL
98
End Systolic Volume (ESV)—amount of blood remaining in ventricle after systole; ____
~60mL
99
_____ illustrates the pressures within the atria, ventricles, and aorta during the cardiac cycle
Wiggers diagram
100
The amount of blood ejected by each ventricle per minute
Cardiac output
101
At rest CO is approximately the entire blood volume of an adult
~5L/min

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