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Functional Anatomy and Embryology > Anatomical Basis Of Homeostasis: Overview Of Hormonal Secretion > Flashcards

Anatomical Basis Of Homeostasis: Overview Of Hormonal Secretion Flashcards

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1
Q

Charcteristics of their nervous system

A

Always working
Discrete, localised
Rapid control
Interact to coordinate organ and tissue activity in response to physiological needs
Regulate activities of body, maintain homeostasis

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2
Q

Characteristics of the endocrine system

A

Functions intermittently
Exert diffuse control
Often prolonged control
Interact to coordinate organ and tissue activity in response to physiological needs
Regulate activities of body, maintain homeostasis

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3
Q

How does the endocrine system function

A 
Specific stimulus
Specific endocrine cell activated
Hormone released into blood/ICS
Target tissue responds
Reduces incoming stimulus
Negative feedback loop
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4
Q

Functions of hormones

A

Development
-Proliferation, growth, differentiation, organogenesis

Metabolism
-Carbohydrate, energy storage, metabolic rate, temp

Reproduction
-Sexual maturation and behaviour, pregnancy maintenance, lactation

Fluid balance
-Water balance, salt levels, blood volume, pressure

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5
Q

Name the endocrine glands

A 
Pituitary (anterior, posterior)
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Islets of Langerhans
Adrenals
Gonads
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6
Q

What hormone is released from the pineal gland

A

Melatonin

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7
Q

What hormone is released from the hypothalamus

A 
GnRH
CRH
GHRH
TRH
Somatostatin
Dopamine
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8
Q

What hormones are released from the pituitary

A 
FSH
LH
GH
TSH 
ACTH
Prolactin
Oxytocin
ADH
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9
Q

What hormones are released from the thyroid

A

T4
T3
Calcitonin

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10
Q

What hormones are released from the parathyroid

A

Parathyroid hormone

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11
Q

What hormones are released from the thymus

A

Thymosin

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12
Q

What hormones are released from the adrenals

A 
Cortisol
Aldosterone
Androgens
Adrenaline
Noradrenaline
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13
Q

What hormones are released from the pancreas

A

Insulin
Glucagon
Somatostatin

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14
Q

What hormones are released from the gonads

A

Oestrogen
Testosterone
Progesterone

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15
Q

What tissues also secrete hormones

A 
Kidney
Heart
Vascular endothelium
Gut cells
Adipocytes
Placenta
Thymus
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16
Q

What hormones are released from the kidney

A

Erythropoietin, increase RBC production

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17
Q

What hormones are released from the heart

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide, increase Na+ kidney excretion, decrease BP

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18
Q

What hormones are released from the vascular endothelium

A

Von Willebrand factor, aids clotting

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19
Q

What hormones are released from the gut cells

A

Gastric

Secretin

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20
Q

What hormones are released from the adipocytes

A

Leptin, suppresses appetite

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21
Q

What hormones are secreted from the placenta

A

Lactogen

hCG

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22
Q

How are hormones delivered

A

Endocrine, from endocrine cell=>blood
Neuroendocrine, from nerve cell=>blood
Paracrine, hormone released locally, acts on nearby cells
Autocrine, hormone released locally, acts on itself

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23
Q

Describe neuroendocrine secretion from the neurohypophysis

A

Secretory neurones have specialised nerve endings that store hormones in vesicles (Herring bodies)
AP generation causes hormones to be released into capillaries from the axo terminals

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24
Q

Types of hormones

Study These Flashcards
A

Proteins/peptides
Steroids
Amines

25
Why is the type of hormone important
Biochemical structure dictates - Mechanism of action at target cell - How hormone is carried in blood - Circulating half life
26
Examples of small peptides
ADH | TRH
27
Examples of long chain polypeptides
GH | Insulin
28
Examples of glycoproteins
LH
29
How are protein and peptide hormones synthesised
By DNA transcription, translation mainly as preprohormones Preprohormones => cleaved by proteolysis enzymes => prohormones Prohormones stored in secretory vesicles Release of active hormone by executors is when cytosol is [Ca2+] is high Diffuses into leaky capillaries, circulate unbound, short half life All hormones of hypothalamus, pituitary, parathyroid, GI and pancreas
30
Synthesis of steroid hormones
All structures based on 3 6C rings and 1 5C ring, derived from cholesterol Synthesised in mitochondria and SER Not stored in gland, hormones release dependent on synthesis rate Diffuses across plasma membrane Circulate in blood, albumin bound, long half life Produced by adrenals, gonads, placenta
31
Properties of amine hormones derived from tyrosine in the thyroid
Lipid soluble, cross cell membrane Circulate protein bound, long half life Stored in thyroid bound to thyroglobulin
32
Properties of catecholamines, derived from tyrosine
Water soluble, don’t cross cell membranes Circulate unbound in blood, short half lives Stored intracellularly in secretory granules
33
What are eicosanoids How do they act What are they derived from
Local chemical messengers that exert wide variety of effects in many different organs and tissues Autocrine, paracrine Derived from arachidonic acid
34
Effects of eicosanoids such as prostaglandins
Immune system, promote inflammatory process Reproductive system, play role in ovulation Digestive system, inhibit gastric secretion
35
Generally, what do kind of hormones come from neurosecretory cells
Proteins | Catecholamines
36
Generally, what kind of hormone comes from epithelial tissues
Steroid | Thyroid hormones
37
What controls the plasma concentration of a hormone in the blood
Depends on rate of secretion and rate of removal
38
How are hormones removed
By the liver and kidneys | Excrete and metabolise hormones
39
Mechanism of steroid and thyroid hormone action
Intracellular cytoplasm/nucleus | Alter gene transcription
40
Mechanism of peptides, proteins, glycoproteins, catecholamines
Cell surface, plasma membrane | Secondary messengers to change enzyme activity
41
Describe the process by which steroid hormones act
Steroid diffuses through cell membrane, binds to cytoplasmic or nuclear receptor Receptor hormone complex translocates to nucleus Dimerisation occurs on hormone response element (HRE) of DNA DNA binding stimulates transcription of specific genes
42
Describe the process by which lipid insoluble hormones act
Hormone binding to extracellular domain changes receptor conformation Causes changes to intracellular domain in cell=>signalling cascades leading to cells repose
43
Types of receptors for lipid insoluble hormones
Monomeric receptor, EGF Multimeric receptor, insulin Receptors with 7 spanning domains, B adrenergic
44
How is hormone secretion controlled, describe the types of stimulus
Changes in plasma conc of mineral ions Changes in plasma conc of organic nutrients Neurotransmitters released from neurones contacting endocrine cells Upstream hormone/paracrine agent acting on endocrine cell
45
Describe the structure of the pituitary
Structure of neurohypophysis Median eminence Infundibular process, both of these make up the infundibulum Par nervosa Structure of adenohypophysis Pars tuberalis Pars intermedia Pars distalis
46
Describe the the embryonic development of the pituitary
Downgrowth of the floor of the diencephalon (hypothalamus) Upgrowth of the roof of the mouth to form Rathke’s pouch Rathke’s pouch separates from mouth and forms the adenohypophysis Downgrowth of hypothalamus forms neurohypophysis Both pituitaries surrounded by sella turcica
47
Describe the process by which the neurohypophysis functions
Specific neural stimuli causes ADH/oxytocin synthesis in cell bodies Hormones travel down axons from either the supraoptic nucleus/paraventricular nucleus Stored in nerve terminals Released into pituitary vein
48
Which nucleus is oxytocin released from
Paraventricular
49
What nucleus is ADH released from
Supraoptic | Paraventricular
50
Describe how the adenohypophysis functions
Specific neural stimuli causes hypothalamic hormone synthesis and release Released at the median eminence from the nuclei Travel down portal blood vessels Control release of anterior pituitary hormones
51
Describe the pituitary portal blood system
Blood that reaches the adenohypophysis passes via the capillary loops through long/short hypophyseal portal vessels Long hypophyseal portal vessel connects from superior hypophyseal artery to capillary loops in adenohypophysis Short hypophyseal portal vessels connect capillaries in the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis Superior hypophyseal artery supplies median eminence and stalk Inferior hypophyseal artery supplies posterior lobe directly and anterior lob via short portal vessels Both lobes drain into venous sinuses
52
Adenohypophysis function | Cell types here
``` Gonadotroph cells Corticotroph cells Somatotroph cells Lactotroph cells Thyrotroph cells, all these cells release 6 fully establishes hormones ``` TSH, ACTH, LH, FSH are trophic to other endocrine glands GH stimulates stomatomedins, trophic Prolactin doesn’t stimulate production/secretion
53
Control of adenohypophysis
Hypothalamic hypophysiotrophic hormones | Feedback by target hormones
54
Describe the use of hypophysiotrophic hormones
Released into pituitary portal system from nerve terminals in median eminence of hypothalamus Stimulate release of specific hormones from anterior pituitary Not present at detectable levels in wider circulation Trophic secreting cells in anterior pituitary
55
Describe a short loop feedback system
Negative feedback of the hormone released from the pituitary on the hypothalamus Decrease amount of hypophysiotrophic hormone released
56
Describe a long loop feedback system
Target gland releases a hormone that acts on the pituitary/or the hypothalamus Decrease the amount of hypophysiotrophic hormone/hormone released
57
Describe an ultra short feedback loop system
Hormone released from target gland acts in an autocrine manner Decreases amount of hormone released from the target hormone
58
Action of dopamine on the lactotroph cells
Inhibits the release of prolactin | Inhibits effect on mammary glands
59
Action of somatostatin on somatotroph cells
Inhibits the release of GH | Inhibits growth

Functional Anatomy and Embryology (28 decks)

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