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Functional Anatomy and Embryology > Skeleton and joints > Flashcards

Skeleton and joints Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of head

A

Expanded end of epiphysis separated from shaft by narrow neck

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2
Q

Definition of neck

A

Narrow connection between epiphysis and diaphysis

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3
Q

Definition of condyle

A

Smooth rounded articular process

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4
Q

Definition of trochlea

A

Smooth grooved articular process shaped like a pulley

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5
Q

Definition of facet

A

Small flat articular surface

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6
Q

Definition of process

A

Projection or bump

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7
Q

Definition of ramus

A

Extension of bone at an angle to rest of structure

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8
Q

Definition of trochanter

A

Large rough projection, femur only

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9
Q

Definition of tuberosity

A

Relatively small roughened projection

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10
Q

Definition of tubercle

A

Small rounded projection

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11
Q

Definition of crest

A

Prominent ridge

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12
Q

Definition of line

A

Low ridge

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13
Q

Definition of fossa

A

Shallow depression

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14
Q

Definition of sulcus

A

Narrow groove

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15
Q

Definition of foramen

A

Hole

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16
Q

Definition of fissure

A

Narrow cleft

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17
Q

Meatus/canal

A

Passageway through bone

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18
Q

Definition of sinus/antrium

A

Chamber within bone

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19
Q

Definition of joint

A

Union between 2 bones, do not necessarily imply movement, some are specialized to permit little/no movement

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20
Q

Definition of uniaxial

A

1 axis of rotation

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21
Q

Definition of biaxial

A

2 axes of rotation, perpendicular

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22
Q

Definition of multiaxial

A

3 axes of movement

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23
Q

Definition of nonaxial

A

All directions of movement

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24
Q

Composition of skeletons

A

Cartilage and bone (rigid tissue)

Only bone is mineralised

25
Composition and structure of cartilage
Consists of chondroblasts Chondroblasts secrete ground substances and collagen to form rigid gel Remain in situ as chondrocytes No neuromuscular elements, v thin areas
26
How does cartilage gain nutrients
Diffusion through ground substance, remain in adults as articular surfaces where rigidity, elasticity needed
27
Functions of the bone
``` Support Movement Protection Haemopioesis Storage for calcium and phosphorus ```
28
How does bone provide support
Rigid framework for body surfaces
29
How does bone provide movement
Acts as levers for muscles
30
How does bone provide protection
Form box to protect delicate structures
31
How does bone provide storage for calcium and phosphorus
Calcium in blood must be kept constant, must be stored until required so bone constantly being remodeled Calcium needed for many functions
32
Classification of bone by region
Axial skeleton, skull, ribs, spine | Appendicular skeleton, limbs and pelvis
33
Classification of bone by shape
``` Long Flat Irregular Short Sesamoid ```
34
Parts of long bone
Epiphysis Metaphysis Diaphysis Compact bone Spongy bone Articular cartilage
35
Endochondral ossification and what forms
Long bone | Surrounds hyaline cartilage with periosteum, calcifies and dies
36
Intramembranous ossification and what forms
Flat bones | Structure is the same as endochondral
37
Structure of mature bones
Compact bone | Trabecular (spongy bone)
38
Structure and properties of compact bone
``` External bone surface Blood vessels supply osteon Perforating canals deliver blood deeper Resist stresses from some directions Thickest where forces are greatest ```
39
Structure and properties of trabecular bone
Struts and plates, lighter Strong enough to resist forces (movement generated force, gravity) Found along epiphysis, aligned along stress lines and cross bracing Protects bone marrow
40
Classification of joints
Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial
41
Types of fibrous joints
Sutures, between skull bones Syndesmoses, interosseous membrnaes Gomphoses, collagen between teeth and bones
42
Why use sutures
Babies don't have sutures, skull plates not joined, can pass through birth canal Collagen forms between plates, rigid, no movement
43
Types of sutures
Squamous Serrated Denticular
44
Uses of syndesmoses
Collagenous interosseous membranes, keep slightly separated bones together Very litte movement
45
Uses of gomphoses
Peg in a socket Tooth in periodontal ligament Can act as shock absorber
46
Types of cartilaginous joints
Synchondroses | Symphyses
47
Uses and properties of synchondroses
Between bones of endochondral origin Solid hyaline cartilage between opposing surfaces Acts as epiphyseal plate between primary and secondary ossification centers Area for growth
48
Uses and properties of symphyses
Partially moveable joint Opposing surfaces covered in hyaline cartilage but separated by fibrous tissue Found in midline of body
49
Structure of synovial joints
Moveable with 4 common features and 2 occasional features Bone ends covered in articular hyaline cartilage Presence of joint cavity Joint capsule Synovial membrane Disc Bursae
50
Properties of articular cartilage
Tough and deformable, surface adapts when forces applied Can recoil when force removed No blood/nerve supply Prevents stress generation bone, too rigid
51
Properties of joint cavity
Bone ends separated by cavity, fluid filled
52
Properties of joint capsule
Surrounds joint, encloses it Consists of collagen fibre bundles, vary in tautness/thickness Ligaments=thickening of capsule
53
Properties of synovial membrane
Lines capsule, has rich capillary network Can secrete and absorb fluid, nutrients can diffuse into cartilage Viscosity can change, with speed of movements
54
Properties of disc
Between articular surfaces, divide into 2 cavities Increase movement range at joint Can spread load over whole joint surface
55
Properties of bursae
Synovial fluid sacs, close to joint | Occur when structures are in tight opposition to each other
56
Classification of synovial joints
``` Hinge Pivot Ball and socket Saddle shaped Ellipsoid Condyloid Plane ```
57
Movements of the joints
Depends on shape of joint surfaces, joint capsule tension, position of capsular ligaments Concentric muscle contraction, provide primary movement Eccentric muscle contraction, provide limited movement
58
Axis of rotation
Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial Nonaxial

Functional Anatomy and Embryology (28 decks)

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