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Functional Anatomy and Embryology > Building A Human > Flashcards

Building A Human Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of embryogenesis

A

Process by which the embryo forms and develops..

Fundamentals of anatomy are laid down within the 1st 2 months

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2
Q

Definition of cleavage

A

Splitting of the cell into double the no without growth

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3
Q

Definition of morula

A

Solid ball of cells resulting from division of a fertilised ovum and from which a blastula forms

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4
Q

Definition of blastocyst

A

Where some differentiated cells are present in the blastula

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5
Q

Definition of gastrulation

A

Process through which cells sort out to generate the body plan
This involves the inward movement of the epiblast

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6
Q

Definition of germ layer

A

Group of cells in an embryo that interact with each other as the embryo develops and contribute to the formation of all organs and tissues

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7
Q

Definition of anterior

A

Embryological anterior = anatomical superior

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8
Q

Definition of posterior

A

Embryological posterior = anatomical inferior

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9
Q

Definition of neurulation

A

Formation of neural tube
Starts anteriorly, ceases posteriorly
Results in formation of brain, spinal cord

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10
Q

Definition of secondary neurulation

A

De novo formation of lumen in solid mass

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11
Q

Definition of somites

A

Each of a no of body segments containing same internal structures
Form vertebral column, associated musculature, peripheral nerves and order

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12
Q

Definition of preformation

A

Everything in the embryo is preformed and simply gets bigger during development

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13
Q

Definition of epigenesis

A

Structures of the adult form arise progressively during development

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14
Q

Definition of homeosis

A

Replacement of part of 1 segment of an insect/segmented animal by a structure characteristic of a different segment through mutation

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15
Q

Definition of collinearity

A

Independent variables are high correlated

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16
Q

Definition of homeotic

A

Genes that regulate development of anatomical structures

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17
Q

Definition of morphogenetic

A

Molecules that give form and shape to cells

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18
Q

When do the key events in human development occur

A

At the very earliest stages of embryogenesis

First 2 months

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19
Q

Describe the human development timeline
1st trimester
2nd, 3rd trimester

A

1st, embryonic period

2nd, 3rd, foetal period

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20
Q

What happens in the first 9 days of development

A 
0, fertilisation in Fallopian tube
1, first cleavage
2, 2 cell stage, 4 cell stage
3-4, 8 cell uncompacted morula
4-8, cell compacted morula
5, formation of early blastocyst
6-7, formation of late stage blastocyst
8-9, implantation of blastocyst in endometrium
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21
Q

Describe cleavage

A

Follows immediately after fertilisation

Series of rapid cell divisions, no growth, increase no of cells => blastocyst

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22
Q

Describe the structure of the blastocyst

A

Layer of cells on the perimeter, trophoblast
Inner cell mass, deep to the trophoblast
Blastocyst cavity, deep to trophoblast

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23
Q

Describe the purpose of the inner cell mass

A

Form all the cells in our body

Embryo derived from inner cell mass

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24
Q

Describe the purpose of the trophoblast

A

Interacts with the uterus

Provides support for the embryo

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25
How are the cells in a blastocyst rearranged
The inner cell mass differentiates to form the epiblast and the hypoblast Both these cell layers form 2 flat sheets of cells Blastocytic cavity becomes the umbilical vesicles Epiblast between amniotic sac and hypoblast 2 flat cell sheets form the blastodisc Prochordal plate forms between the epiblast and hypoblast Umbilical vesicle surrounded by extraembryonic coelom
26
Describe the cell structure before gastrulation
Bilayered embryonic disc between the amnion and yolk sac
27
Describe the superior view of the bilayered embryonic disc
Leaf shaped Cut edge of yolk sac Cut edge of amnion Hensens node and primitive streak towards the posterior side
28
What happens during gastrulation
Cells move into the primitive streak | Displace hypoblast from epiblast to form the endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm
29
What forms from the endoderm
Alveolar cells Thyroid cells Digestive/pancreatic cells
30
What forms from the mesoderm
``` Cardiac muscle cells Skeletal muscle cells Tubule cells of kidney RBC Smooth muscle cells in gut ```
31
What forms from the ectoderm
Skin cells of epidermis Neurones in brain Pigment cells
32
Describe the development of development
Proceeds from anterior to posterior
33
Describe the process of primary neurulation
Driven by intrinsic and extrinsic cellular forces ``` Starts anteriorly, ends posteriorly Presumptive neural tissue proliferates, drives the formation of the folds Folds rise up and fuses Notochord drags tube down Epidermis fuses together ``` Neural crest forms under epidermis Neural tube forms under neural crest
34
What is secondary neurulation
De novo formation of lumen from solid mass
35
Why is closure important in neurulation
Initiation of neural tube closure is discontinuous Defects in neurulation result in - Anencephaly (brains do not fuse at anterior neuropore) - Craniorachiscisis (hind brain neuropore does not close) - Spina bifida (posterior neuropore does not close)
36
Importance of the neural crest
Cells in the neural crest will migrate to form neurones and glia of PNS Forms - Pigment cells - Schwann cells - Satellite cells - Unipolar and multipolar neurones in sympathetic ganglion - Chromaffin cells in adrenal medulla - Parasympathetic gut submucosal plexus - Prevertebral plexus
37
Describe the structure of the mediolateral organisation of the body
Chordamesoderm below neural tube Paraaxial mesoderm lateral to the neural tube Intermediate mesoderm lateral to the paraaxial mesoderm Lateral plate mesoderm lateral to the paraaxial mesoderm
38
What structures form from the intermediate mesoderm
Kidney | Gonads
39
What structures form from the chordamesoderm
Notachord
40
What structures form from the paraaxial mesoderm
Head Somites - Sclerotome - Syndetome - Myotome - Dermatome - Endothelial cells
41
What structures form from the lateral plate mesoderm
Splanchnic Somatic Extraembryonic
42
Function of the notachord
Contributes to the center of the invertebral discs, the nucleus pulposis Lost in childhood
43
Function of somites
Blocks of mesoderm that form vertebral column and associated musculature Order peripheral nerves, develop AP Bud from anterior of presomitic mesoderm as embryo extends posteriorly
44
Describe the relationship between the neural crest and the somites
During neural crest migration, they meet the somites first Somites organise neural crest so they only go into anterior half of each somite This occurs as inhibitory molecules are released from the posterior half of each somite Motor axons directed away from the nerve core through anterior half of somite
45
Defects in somite genesis
Results in scoliosis (abnormal curvature of the spine)
46
What develops from the endoderm
Foregut Midgut Hindgut
47
What structures form from the foregut
``` Oesophagus Thyroid Lung Liver Biliary tree Stomach Pancreas ```
48
What structures develop from the midgut
Small intestine
49
What develops from the hindgut
Colon
50
What develops in the first 44 days
Fingers form from cell death of webbing Optic placode Upper and lower limbs Developing nose and umbilical cord
51
What develops in the first 55 days
Eyes, ears, nose Upper, lower limbs Umbilical cord
52
What develops between 13-26 weeks
Eyes, ears, mouth, nose Upper, lower limbs Umbilical cord
53
Describe the generative nature of development
Each step builds upon the previous step Tissues communicate with each other to coordinate development Spatial order required for successful cell differentiation
54
Possible locations of cells
Anteroposterior Dorsoventral Mediolateral Left, Right
55
What are homeotic genes
Order of genes in chromosome = order of body parts Exhibit collinearity Transcription factors turn on and off different genes Organisation of genes is v similar in humans and mammals
56
Describe the action of morphogens
Cells respond to threshold concs Greater the distance from the source, receives v little All based on position
57
Morphogens in spinal cord
Morphogens released from dorsal side of spinal cord => sensory neurone Morphogens released from ventral side of spinal cord => motor function Neural tube patterning, localised signals import identity
58
Importance of the notachord
Directs development of ventral spinal cord and motor neurons Neural tube has a roof and floor plate, motor neurons form on either side of tube
59
Describe the importance of Sonic the Hedgehog
Highly expressed in notochord Can diffuse from midline structures to generate different neuron types at different positions Motor neurons received greatest [SHH] Also patterns somite for sclerotome formation
60
The effects of mutations in SHH
Haloprosencephaly | Cyclopamine in some plants, have teratogenic effects = Cyclopia

Functional Anatomy and Embryology (28 decks)

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