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Functional Anatomy and Embryology > Building A Human > Flashcards

Building A Human Flashcards

1
Q

Definition of embryogenesis

A

Process by which the embryo forms and develops..

Fundamentals of anatomy are laid down within the 1st 2 months

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2
Q

Definition of cleavage

A

Splitting of the cell into double the no without growth

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3
Q

Definition of morula

A

Solid ball of cells resulting from division of a fertilised ovum and from which a blastula forms

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4
Q

Definition of blastocyst

A

Where some differentiated cells are present in the blastula

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5
Q

Definition of gastrulation

A

Process through which cells sort out to generate the body plan
This involves the inward movement of the epiblast

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6
Q

Definition of germ layer

A

Group of cells in an embryo that interact with each other as the embryo develops and contribute to the formation of all organs and tissues

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7
Q

Definition of anterior

A

Embryological anterior = anatomical superior

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8
Q

Definition of posterior

A

Embryological posterior = anatomical inferior

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9
Q

Definition of neurulation

A

Formation of neural tube
Starts anteriorly, ceases posteriorly
Results in formation of brain, spinal cord

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10
Q

Definition of secondary neurulation

A

De novo formation of lumen in solid mass

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11
Q

Definition of somites

A

Each of a no of body segments containing same internal structures
Form vertebral column, associated musculature, peripheral nerves and order

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12
Q

Definition of preformation

A

Everything in the embryo is preformed and simply gets bigger during development

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13
Q

Definition of epigenesis

A

Structures of the adult form arise progressively during development

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14
Q

Definition of homeosis

A

Replacement of part of 1 segment of an insect/segmented animal by a structure characteristic of a different segment through mutation

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15
Q

Definition of collinearity

A

Independent variables are high correlated

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16
Q

Definition of homeotic

A

Genes that regulate development of anatomical structures

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17
Q

Definition of morphogenetic

A

Molecules that give form and shape to cells

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18
Q

When do the key events in human development occur

A

At the very earliest stages of embryogenesis

First 2 months

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19
Q

Describe the human development timeline
1st trimester
2nd, 3rd trimester

A

1st, embryonic period

2nd, 3rd, foetal period

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20
Q

What happens in the first 9 days of development

A 
0, fertilisation in Fallopian tube
1, first cleavage
2, 2 cell stage, 4 cell stage
3-4, 8 cell uncompacted morula
4-8, cell compacted morula
5, formation of early blastocyst
6-7, formation of late stage blastocyst
8-9, implantation of blastocyst in endometrium
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21
Q

Describe cleavage

A

Follows immediately after fertilisation

Series of rapid cell divisions, no growth, increase no of cells => blastocyst

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22
Q

Describe the structure of the blastocyst

A

Layer of cells on the perimeter, trophoblast
Inner cell mass, deep to the trophoblast
Blastocyst cavity, deep to trophoblast

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23
Q

Describe the purpose of the inner cell mass

A

Form all the cells in our body

Embryo derived from inner cell mass

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24
Q

Describe the purpose of the trophoblast

A

Interacts with the uterus

Provides support for the embryo

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25
Q

How are the cells in a blastocyst rearranged

A

The inner cell mass differentiates to form the epiblast and the hypoblast
Both these cell layers form 2 flat sheets of cells

Blastocytic cavity becomes the umbilical vesicles
Epiblast between amniotic sac and hypoblast

2 flat cell sheets form the blastodisc
Prochordal plate forms between the epiblast and hypoblast

Umbilical vesicle surrounded by extraembryonic coelom

26
Q

Describe the cell structure before gastrulation

A

Bilayered embryonic disc between the amnion and yolk sac

27
Q

Describe the superior view of the bilayered embryonic disc

A

Leaf shaped
Cut edge of yolk sac
Cut edge of amnion

Hensens node and primitive streak towards the posterior side

28
Q

What happens during gastrulation

A

Cells move into the primitive streak

Displace hypoblast from epiblast to form the endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm

29
Q

What forms from the endoderm

A

Alveolar cells
Thyroid cells
Digestive/pancreatic cells

30
Q

What forms from the mesoderm

A 
Cardiac muscle cells
Skeletal muscle cells
Tubule cells of kidney
RBC
Smooth muscle cells in gut
31
Q

What forms from the ectoderm

A

Skin cells of epidermis
Neurones in brain
Pigment cells

32
Q

Describe the development of development

A

Proceeds from anterior to posterior

33
Q

Describe the process of primary neurulation

A

Driven by intrinsic and extrinsic cellular forces

Starts anteriorly, ends posteriorly
Presumptive neural tissue proliferates, drives the formation of the folds
Folds rise up and fuses
Notochord drags tube down
Epidermis fuses together

Neural crest forms under epidermis
Neural tube forms under neural crest

34
Q

What is secondary neurulation

A

De novo formation of lumen from solid mass

35
Q

Why is closure important in neurulation

A

Initiation of neural tube closure is discontinuous

Defects in neurulation result in

  • Anencephaly (brains do not fuse at anterior neuropore)
  • Craniorachiscisis (hind brain neuropore does not close)
  • Spina bifida (posterior neuropore does not close)
36
Q

Importance of the neural crest

A

Cells in the neural crest will migrate to form neurones and glia of PNS

Forms

  • Pigment cells
  • Schwann cells
  • Satellite cells
  • Unipolar and multipolar neurones in sympathetic ganglion
  • Chromaffin cells in adrenal medulla
  • Parasympathetic gut submucosal plexus
  • Prevertebral plexus
37
Q

Describe the structure of the mediolateral organisation of the body

A

Chordamesoderm below neural tube
Paraaxial mesoderm lateral to the neural tube
Intermediate mesoderm lateral to the paraaxial mesoderm
Lateral plate mesoderm lateral to the paraaxial mesoderm

38
Q

What structures form from the intermediate mesoderm

A

Kidney

Gonads

39
Q

What structures form from the chordamesoderm

A

Notachord

40
Q

What structures form from the paraaxial mesoderm

A

Head

Somites

  • Sclerotome
  • Syndetome
  • Myotome
  • Dermatome
  • Endothelial cells
41
Q

What structures form from the lateral plate mesoderm

A

Splanchnic
Somatic
Extraembryonic

42
Q

Function of the notachord

A

Contributes to the center of the invertebral discs, the nucleus pulposis
Lost in childhood

43
Q

Function of somites

A

Blocks of mesoderm that form vertebral column and associated musculature
Order peripheral nerves, develop AP
Bud from anterior of presomitic mesoderm as embryo extends posteriorly

44
Q

Describe the relationship between the neural crest and the somites

A

During neural crest migration, they meet the somites first
Somites organise neural crest so they only go into anterior half of each somite
This occurs as inhibitory molecules are released from the posterior half of each somite
Motor axons directed away from the nerve core through anterior half of somite

45
Q

Defects in somite genesis

A

Results in scoliosis (abnormal curvature of the spine)

46
Q

What develops from the endoderm

A

Foregut
Midgut
Hindgut

47
Q

What structures form from the foregut

A 
Oesophagus
Thyroid
Lung
Liver
Biliary tree
Stomach
Pancreas
48
Q

What structures develop from the midgut

A

Small intestine

49
Q

What develops from the hindgut

A

Colon

50
Q

What develops in the first 44 days

A

Fingers form from cell death of webbing
Optic placode
Upper and lower limbs
Developing nose and umbilical cord

51
Q

What develops in the first 55 days

A

Eyes, ears, nose
Upper, lower limbs
Umbilical cord

52
Q

What develops between 13-26 weeks

A

Eyes, ears, mouth, nose
Upper, lower limbs
Umbilical cord

53
Q

Describe the generative nature of development

A

Each step builds upon the previous step
Tissues communicate with each other to coordinate development
Spatial order required for successful cell differentiation

54
Q

Possible locations of cells

A

Anteroposterior
Dorsoventral
Mediolateral
Left, Right

55
Q

What are homeotic genes

A

Order of genes in chromosome = order of body parts
Exhibit collinearity
Transcription factors turn on and off different genes
Organisation of genes is v similar in humans and mammals

56
Q

Describe the action of morphogens

A

Cells respond to threshold concs
Greater the distance from the source, receives v little

All based on position

57
Q

Morphogens in spinal cord

A

Morphogens released from dorsal side of spinal cord => sensory neurone

Morphogens released from ventral side of spinal cord => motor function

Neural tube patterning, localised signals import identity

58
Q

Importance of the notachord

A

Directs development of ventral spinal cord and motor neurons

Neural tube has a roof and floor plate, motor neurons form on either side of tube

59
Q

Describe the importance of Sonic the Hedgehog

A

Highly expressed in notochord
Can diffuse from midline structures to generate different neuron types at different positions

Motor neurons received greatest [SHH]
Also patterns somite for sclerotome formation

60
Q

The effects of mutations in SHH

A

Haloprosencephaly

Cyclopamine in some plants, have teratogenic effects = Cyclopia

Functional Anatomy and Embryology (28 decks)

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