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otolaryngology > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 regions of the cranium

A

Neurocranium and viscerocranium

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2
Q

Role of the neurocranium

A

Surrounds the brain

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3
Q

Role of the viscerocranium

A

Makes up the facial skeleton

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4
Q

Name the contents of the internal acoustic meatus

A

CN 7+8
labyrinthine artery (internal auditory artery)

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5
Q

Where does the internal auditory artery branch from

A

The anterior inferior cerebellar artery from the circle of Willis

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6
Q

Role of the muscles of mastication

A

Control the opening and closing of the jaw and lips allowing things to pass through them

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7
Q

Name the muscles in the oral group of facial expression

A

Orbicular oris
Buccinator

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8
Q

Action of the orbicularis oris

A

Sphincter around the mouth

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9
Q

Innervation of the orbicularis oris

A

Facial nerve

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10
Q

Location of the buccinator

A

Between the mandible and maxilla, deep to other muscles of the face

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11
Q

Action of the buccinator

A

Assist in aligning a food bonus between the dentition

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12
Q

Innervation of buccinator

A

Facial nerve

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13
Q

TMJ consists of articulations between which 3 surfaces

A

Mandibular fossa
Auricular tubercle
Head of the mandible

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14
Q

What is another name for the head of the mandible

A

Mandibular condyle

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15
Q

Role of the upper part of the TMJ

A

Protrusion and retraction of the mandible

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16
Q

Role of the lower part of the TMJ

A

Elevation and depression of the mandible

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17
Q

What are the muscles of mastication associated with

A

Movements of the TMJ

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18
Q

Name the 4 muscles of mastication

A

Masseter
Temporalis
Medial and lateral pterygoid

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19
Q

What is the most powerful muscle of mastication

A

Masseter

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20
Q

Role of the Masseter

A

Elevates the mandible closing the mouth

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21
Q

Innervation of the muscles of mastication

A

Mandibular nerve (V3)

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22
Q

Role of the temporalis

A

Elevates the mandible, closing the mouth

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23
Q

Role of the medial pterygoid

A

Elevates the mandible closing the mouth

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24
Q

Action of the lateral pterygoid

A

Depresses and protracts the mandible opening the mouth

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25
Q

Blood supply to the Masseter

A

Masseteric artery which emerges from the maxillary artery

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26
Q

Which arteries supply the temporalis

A

Maxillary artery and superficial temporal artery

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27
Q

What is the arterial supply to the medial and lateral pterygoid

A

Pterygoid branch of the 2nd part of the maxillary artery

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28
Q

Role of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

Control the movement of the tongue around the oral cavity

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29
Q

Name the 4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

Genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, palatoglossus

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30
Q

What nerves innovate which extrinsic muscle of the tongue

A

Hypoglossal nerve: genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus
Vagus nerve: palatoglossus

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31
Q

Role of the genioglossus

A

Protrusion and depression of the tongue

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32
Q

Role of the hyoglossus

A

Depression and retraction of the tongue

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33
Q

Role of the styloglossus

A

Retraction and elevation of the tongue

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34
Q

Role of the palatoglossus

A

Elevation of the posterior tongue

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35
Q

Role of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

Help facilitate speech, eating and swallowing

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36
Q

Innervation of the intrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

Hypoglossal nerve

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37
Q

Name the 4 intrinsic muscles of the tongue

A

Superior and inferior longitudinal
Transverse and vertical

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38
Q

What is the soft palate

A

Muscular continuation of the hard palate (posterior 1/3 of the palate)

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39
Q

What is the posterior process of the soft palate called

A

The Avula

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40
Q

What is the function of the soft palate

A

Elevates and tenses when swallowing to prevent the passage of food into the nasal cavity

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41
Q

How many muscles are in the soft palate

A

5 paired muscles

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42
Q

Name the 5 muscles of the soft palate

A

Tensor veli palatini
Lavator veli palitini
Palatopharyngeus
Palatoglossus
Musculus uvulae

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43
Q

Role of the tensor veli palatini

A

Tenses palatine aponeurosis

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44
Q

Role of levator veli palatini

A

Lifts palatine aponeurosis

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45
Q

Role of the palatopharyngeus

A

Elevates pharynx and depresses soft palate

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46
Q

Role of palatoglossus

A

Depresses soft palate towards the tongue

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47
Q

Role of the musculus uvulae

A

Shortens the uvula

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48
Q

Innervation of the skeletal muscles of the soft palate

A

Vagus nerve
EXCEPT tensor veli palatini: CN V3

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49
Q

How does the head and neck receive most of its blood supply

A

Carotid and vertebral arteries

50
Q

Where does the external carotid arise from

A

The common carotid

51
Q

How many branches does the external carotid have

A

8

52
Q

Mnemonic to remember the branches of the external carotid artery

A

Some anatomists like freaking out poor medical students

53
Q

Name the branches of the external carotid artery

A

Superior thyroid
Ascending pharyngeal
Lingual
Facial
Occipital
Posterior auricular
Maxillary
Superficial temporal

54
Q

Important about the internal carotid arterial supply to the head and neck

A

DOES NOT SUPPLY THE NECK

55
Q

Where does the internal carotid artery enter the cranial cavity

A

Via the carotid canal in the petrous part of the temporal bone

56
Q

What does the internal carotid artery supply

A

The brain, eyes and forehead

57
Q

What are vertebral arteries

A

Paired vessels that arise from the subclavian arteries

58
Q

Pathway of vertebral arteries to the head and neck

A

Ascend on the posterior aspect of the neck and enter the cranium via the foramen magnum

59
Q

What do vertebral arteries converge to form

A

Basilar artery

60
Q

Venous distribution in the head and neck

A

Mimics the arterial distribution

61
Q

Where do all veins of the head and neck eventually drain to

A

Internal jugular vein

62
Q

Where does the internal jugular vein start in the cranial cavity

A

As a continuation of the sigmoid sinus

63
Q

What drains the palatine tonsil

A

The jugulo-digastric node

64
Q

Name the 4 parasympathetic ganglia of the head and neck

A

Ciliary, pterygopalatine, submandibular, otic ganglion

65
Q

Nerve associated with the ciliary ganglion

A

Oculomotor nerve

66
Q

Nerve associated with pterygopalatine and submandibular ganglion

A

Facial nerve

67
Q

Nerve associated with otic ganglion

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve

68
Q

Name the 3 main ganglia in the sympathetic chain of the head and neck

A

Superior, middle and inferior cervical ganglia

69
Q

Where is the superior cervical ganglion located

A

Posterior to the carotid artery and anterior to C1-4 ganglion

70
Q

Where is the middle cervical ganglion located

A

Anteriorly to the inferior thyroid artery and the C6 vertebra

71
Q

What is interesting about the middle cervical ganglion

A

Not everyone has it

72
Q

Where is the inferior cervical ganglion located

A

Anteriorly to the C7 vertebra

73
Q

Cranial nerves involved in general somatic sensory innervation of the head and neck

A

5,9 and 10

74
Q

Which cranial nerves are associated with smell and vision

A

1 and 2

75
Q

What cranial nerves are associated with taste

A

7,9 and a bit of 10

76
Q

Which cranial nerve is associated with hearing and balance

A

8

77
Q

What supplies innervation to the external skin of the nose

A

Trigeminal nerve

78
Q

How many pairs of paranasal sinuses do we have

A

4

79
Q

Function of the paranasal sinuses

A

Reduce the weight of the skull and assist with resonance of the voice

80
Q

Name the 4 paranasal sinuses

A

Frontal, ethmoid, maxillary, sphenoid

81
Q

Where do posterior ethmoid air cells and the sphenoid sinuses drain to

A

Superior meatus of the nasal cavity via the sphenoethmoidal recess

82
Q

Where do the frontal and maxillary sinuses and anterior ethmoid cells drain to

A

The middle meatus of the nasal cavity via the semilunar hiatus

83
Q

Where do middle ethmoidal air cells drain to

A

Middle meatus of the nasal cavity via the ethmoid bulla

84
Q

name 4 jobs of the nasal cavity

A

Warms and humidifies the inspired air
Removes and traps pathogens and particulate matter from the inspired air
sense of smell
Drains and clears the paranasal sinuses and lacrimal ducts

85
Q

name the 3 divisions of the nasal cavity

A

vestibule
respiratory region
olfactory region

86
Q

what is the nasal vestibule

A

the area surrounding the anterior external opening to the nasal cavity

87
Q

what lines the respiratory region of the nasal cavity

A

ciliated psudeostratified columnar epithelium, interspersed with mucus-secreting goblet cells

88
Q

where is the olfactory region of the nasal cavity located

A

at the apex

89
Q

what lines the olfactory region of the nasal cavity

A

olfactory cells with olfactory receptors

90
Q

what is the nasal septum composed of

A

perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, vomer and the septal cartilage

91
Q

what are nasal conchae

A

curved shelves of bone projecting out of the lateral walls of the nasal cavity

92
Q

what is another word for nasal conchae

A

turbinates

93
Q

how many conchae are there

A

3: inferior, middle and superior

94
Q

what are the superior and middle conchae formed from

A

the ethmoid bone

95
Q

what do the nasal conchae do

A

create pathways for air to flow inferiorly and superiorly

96
Q

how many meatuses do we have in each side of the nasal cavity

A

4

97
Q

name the 4 meatus of the nasal cavity

A

inferior, middle and superior and the spheno-ethmoidal recess

98
Q

role of the inferior meatus

A

drains the nasolacrimal duct

99
Q

location of the inferior meatus

A

between the inferior concha and the floor of the nasal cavity

100
Q

location of the middle meatus

A

between the inferior and middle concha

101
Q

role of the middle meatus

A

drains the frontal and maxillary sinuses and anterior ethmoid air cells via the semilunar hiatus, and the middle ethmoidal air cells via the ethmoidal bulla

102
Q

location of the superior meatus

A

between the middle and superior concha

103
Q

location of the sphenoethmoidal recess

A

superiorly and posteriorly to the superior concha

104
Q

role of the sphenoethmoidal recess

A

drains the posterior ethmoid air cells and sphenoid sinuses into the superior meatus

105
Q

how do fibres of the olfactory nerve enter and exit the nasal cavity

A

via the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone

106
Q

where is the sphenopalatine foramen located

A

at the level of the superior meatus

107
Q

what passes through the sphenopalatine foramen

A

The sphenopalatine artery, nasopalatine and superior nasal nerves

108
Q

role of the sphenopalatine foramen

A

allows communication between the nasal cavity and the pterygopalatine fossa

109
Q

what is the incisive canal

A

pathway between the nasal cavity and the incisive fossa of the oral cavity

110
Q

what passes through the incisive canal

A

nasopalatine nerve and greater palatine artery

111
Q

role of the nasolacrimal duct

A

drains tears from the eyes

112
Q

where does the eustachian tube open into

A

the nasopharynx at the level of the inferior meatus

113
Q

where does the nose receive blood from

A

internal internal and external carotid arteries

114
Q

internal carotid branches in the nasal cavity

A

the ophthalmic artery branches into the anterior and posterior ethmoidal artery

115
Q

external carotid branches in the nasal cavity

A

branches into the maxillary and facial artery
maxillary artery → sphenopalatine and greater palatine artery
facial artery → superior labial artery and lateral nasal artery

116
Q

how many arterial inputs does Kiesselbach’s plexus have

A

5

117
Q

where is the olfactory bulb located

A

lies on the superior surface of the cribriform plate, above the nasal cavity

118
Q

olfactory pathway

A

Receptor cells in the olfactory epithelium pass up through cribiform plateand synapse with olfactory bulb (ganglia)
neurons pass along the olfactory tract to temporal lobe and olfactory areas

119
Q

what provides general sensory innervation to the nasal septum and lateral walls of the nasal cavity

A

nasopalatine nerve and the nasociliary nerve

120
Q

what is the nasopalatine nerve a branch of

A

the maxillary nerve

121
Q

what is the nasociliary nerve a branch of

A

ophthalmic nerve

otolaryngology (18 decks)

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