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otolaryngology > physiology > Flashcards

physiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the sense organ of tase

A

tastebuds

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2
Q

life span of tastebuds

A

10 days

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3
Q

where are tastebuds found

A

tongue, palate, epiglottis and pharynx

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4
Q

where are the majority of tastebuds found

A

in the papillae of the tongue

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5
Q

name the 4 types of papillae of the tongue

A

filliform, fungiform, vallate and foliate

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6
Q

which type of papilla of the tongue doesn’t contain taste buds

A

filliform

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7
Q

pathway of tasting

A

binding of chemical to receptor cells produces depolarising potential
initiates action potential in afferent nerve fibres
signals conveyed by cranial nerves via brainstem and thalamus to cortical gustatory area

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8
Q

name the 5 primary tastes

A

bitter, sour, salty, sweet and umami

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9
Q

what is aguesia

A

loss of taste function

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10
Q

what is dysguesia

A

distortion of taste function

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11
Q

what is hypoguesia

A

reduced taste function

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12
Q

where is olfactory neuroepithelium found

A

the olfactory cleft

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13
Q

what is olfactory neuroepithelium composed of

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

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14
Q

name the 4 main cells in olfactory epithelium

A

basal cells
supporting cells
bi-polar sensory (afferent) neurone
duct cell of bowmans gland

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15
Q

role of basal cells in olfactory neuroepithelium

A

form the new stem cells from which the new olfactory cells can develop

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16
Q

role of duct cell of bowmans gland in olfactory neuroepithelium

A

secretes mucous

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17
Q

process of smelling

A

smell detected by olfactory receptors
axons assemble into bundles of nerves
enter the cranial cavity via the cribiform plate
enter the olfactory bulb which transmits info along the olfactory tract to each temporal lobe and olfactory areas

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18
Q

where is the olfactory bulb located

A

lies in the olfactory groove within the anterior cranial fossa

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19
Q

approximately how much inspired air reaches the olfactory neuroepithelium

A

10-15%

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20
Q

how do odorants reach smell receptors during quiet breathing

A

diffusion

21
Q

what is the role of mucous (2)

A

moist and protective environment
aids in dispersing odorants to the olfactory receptors

22
Q

what is anosmia

A

inability to smell

23
Q

what is hyposmia

A

reduced ability to smell

24
Q

what is dysosmia

A

altered sense of smell

25
Q

what is phantosmia

A

spell perceived in the absence of a stimulus

26
Q

name 3 conductive causes of abnormality in smell

A

nasal polyps
rhinitis
nasal mass

27
Q

what is used to assess olfaction

A

UPSIT (scratch and sniff)

28
Q

name some sensorineural causes of abnormality of smell

A

viral
head trauma
neurological conditions: parkinsons, dementia
brain tumours
medications

29
Q

what is sound

A

a pressure caused by oscillating molecules set in motion by a vibration

30
Q

what frequency of sound can humans perceive

A

20-20,000 Hz

31
Q

role of the middle ear in hearing

A

amplifies sound

32
Q

role of the inner ear in hearing

A

receives mechanical signals and converts them into electrical signals

33
Q

movement of mechanical signals in ear (hearing)

A

footplate of stapes vibrates oval window
creates pressure waves in the perilymph of cochlea
transmitted to the endolymph in the cochlear duct
basilar membrane vibrates causing hair cells on the organ of corti to move against the tectorial membrane stimulating depolarisation
stimulation of CN8

34
Q

from when can a foetus hear in utero

A

18 weeks

35
Q

from when can a foetus respond to sound/voice in utero

A

26 weeks

36
Q

what stimulates hair cells in the membranous labyrinth of the inner ear

A

the movement of endolymph

37
Q

what senses head position

A

utricle and saccule

38
Q

what is the sense organs of the utricle and saccule

A

macula

39
Q

position of macula in utricle and saccule and how it relates to function

A

90 degrees to each other so they can respond to positions in different planes

40
Q

how do the utricles and saccules work

A

contain otoliths which move due to gravity when the head moves
this causes sterocilia to bend initiating action potentials in the vestibular nerve fibres

41
Q

what senses head movement

A

semi-circular canals

42
Q

what are the semi-circular canals

A

3 ring-like extensions from the vestibule

43
Q

orientation of the semi-circular canals

A

one in the horizontal plane and 2 in the vertical plane

44
Q

what is it called where the base of a semi-circular canal meets the vestibule

A

ampulla

45
Q

what is contained within the ampulla

A

crista ampullaris

46
Q

what is the crista ampullaris

A

hair cell-containing structure which responds to rotational movement

47
Q

role of the vestibulo-ocular reflex

A

helps maintain visual stability during head movements

48
Q

what is the mechanism of vestibulo-ocular reflex

A

compensatory eye movements (nystagmus)

otolaryngology (18 decks)

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