Anatomy 1.7

Question 1

Which bones make up the neurocranium?

Answer 1

1) frontal
2) parietal
3) temporal
4) occipital
5) ethymoid
6) sphenoid

Question 2

What is the weakest part of the skull?

Answer 2

pterion (intersection of frontal, sphenoid, temporal, parietal); middle meningeal artery runs deep

Question 3

Which part of the brain is the telecephalon made from and what does it comprise?

Answer 3

forebrain

cerebral cortex
basal canglia
hippocampus
amygdala

Question 4

Which part of the brain is the diencephalon made from and what does it comprise?

Answer 4

forebrain

thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus

Question 5

Which part of the brain is the mesencephalon made from and what does it comprise?

Answer 5

forebrain

tectum
tegumentum

Question 6

Which part of the brain is the metencephalon made from and what does it comprise?

Answer 6

midbrain

pons
cerebellum

Question 7

Which part of the brain is the myelencephalon made from and what does it comprise?

Answer 7

hindbrain

medulla

Question 8

What is the basal ganglia?

Answer 8

group of nucluei in cerebral part of brain surrounding thalamus

Question 9

What are the general cerebral functions?

Answer 9

• sensory
• motor
• associate/connective (relate sensory input and resulting action)

Question 10

What are the functions of the frontal lobe?

Answer 10

• higher level reasoning & cognitive functions
• emotional control
• motor skills
• language functions & interpretation

Question 11

What are the functions of the parietal lobe?

Answer 11

• interpretation & processing of sensory stimuli

- movement & orientation

Question 12

What are the functions of the temporal lobe?

Answer 12

• *primary auditory cortex
• smell
• speech
• memory formation

Question 13

What are the functions of the occipital lobe?

Answer 13

primary visual cortex

Question 14

What are the functions of the insular lobe?

Answer 14

• integration pain & temperature sensation

- language function

Question 15

What are the functions of the limbic lobe?

Answer 15

• emotions

- memory

Question 16

What are the functions of the basal ganglia?

Answer 16

• Intimate connections with cerebral cortex, thalamus, limbic system, brainstem and other areas
• Involved with voluntary body movement, eye movements, learning, repeated behavior or habits, cognition, emotion

Question 17

What is white matter comprised of?

Answer 17

axons

Question 18

What is gray matter comprised of?

Answer 18

neuron cell bodies

Question 19

What does the central sulcus divide?

Answer 19

frontal and parietal lobes

Question 20

What is the function of the precentral gyrus?

Answer 20

motor

Question 21

What is the function of the postcentral gyrus?

Answer 21

sensory

Question 22

What are the layers of the brain from superficial to deep?

Answer 22

skull

1) dura mater
- periosteal and meningeal layers
2) arachnoid mater
3) pia mater

Question 23

What runs in the subarachnoid space?

Answer 23

CSF and vasculature

Question 24

Which space is made between the fusion of the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura mater?

Answer 24

falx; dural sinus (EX: superior sagittal sinus)

Question 25

What is the epithalamus?

Answer 25

contains pineal gland, habenular nuclei, commissure

Question 26

What connects the right and left thalamus?

Answer 26

interthalamic adhesion; mechanism by which right and left thalamus communicate

Question 27

What is an important gland of the hypothalamus?

Answer 27

pituitary gland

Question 28

What is an important gland of the epithalamus?

Answer 28

pineal gland (secretes melatonin)

Question 29

What is the function of the diencephalon region of the brain?

Answer 29

Thalamus: - sensory relay station of the brain - motor information to and from cerebral cortex Hypothalamus: - appetite, thirst - emotions - body temp - circadian rhythms Epithalamus: - connects limbic system to motor pathways - emotions - circadian rhythms and sleep

Question 30

What is the pituitary gland, structurally?

Answer 30

- pea-sized gland in bony sella turcica - large ant. and small post. lobes - connected to hypothalamus

Question 31

What are the functions of the pituitary gland?

Answer 31

Anterior lobe hormones: 1) growth hormone 2) thyroid stimulating hormone 3) adrenocorticotrophic hormone 4) follicular stimulating hormones 5) luteinzing hormone 6) prolactin Posterior lobe hormones; 1) vasopressin 2) oxytocin

Question 32

How does the anterior lobe of the pituitary lobe connect to the hypothalamus?

Answer 32

portal system of connecting blood vessels

Question 33

How does the posterior lobe of the pituitary lobe connect to the hypothalamus?

Answer 33

direct neuronal transmission

Question 34

What is the order of the brainstem structures from superior to inferior?

Answer 34

- midbrain - pons - medulla

Question 35

What are the functions of the brainstem?

Answer 35

Midbrain: - body and eye movement - vision and hearing Pons: - motor control - sensory interpretation (sleep and onsciousness) Medulla: -autonomic body functions (breathing, heart rate)

Question 36

What are the lobes of the cerebellum?

Answer 36

- anterior - posterior - flocculonodular

Question 37

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

Answer 37

- coordination of movement - posture - balance

Question 38

Where does the spinal cord end?

Answer 38

L2; cauda equina extends inferiorly

Question 39

What structure prevents L-R movement of the spinal cord?

Answer 39

denticular ligaments

Question 40

What structure prevents the superior-inferior movement of the spinal cord?

Answer 40

filum terminale

Question 41

What is the blood supply of the brain?

Answer 41

- major vessels (post: vertebral a.) (ant: internal coratid a.) - circle of willis - venous sinuses to the internal jugular vein

Question 42

How many branches does the internal coratid artery have?

Answer 42

zero

Question 43

What does the middle meningeal artery branch from?

Answer 43

external coratid artery

Question 44

What is the function of the circle of willis?

Answer 44

connects the anterior and posterior blood supply of the brain

Question 45

What is the blood supply to the spinal cord?

Answer 45

anterior spinal a. (ventral) 2 posterior spinal aa. (dorsal) segmental radicular and medullary aa. (horizontally)

Question 46

From where do the anterior and posterior spinal arteries branch?

Answer 46

vertebral artery

Question 47

From where do the anterior and posterior radicular arteries branch?

Answer 47

posterior intercostal arteries; run to posterior and anterior roots of all spinal arteries

Question 48

What is the great artery of Adamkiewicz?

Answer 48

- largest anterior medullary artery - provides major blood supply to lumbar and sacral cord - T8-L1

Question 49

Where do medullary arteries branch into?

Answer 49

directly to anterior and posterior spinal arteries

Question 50

Where does the CSF exist?

Answer 50

subarachnoid space

Question 51

Where is CSF secreted?

Answer 51

cori plexus of ventricles

Question 52

What are the ventricles of the brain?

Answer 52

lateral ventricle (2) third ventricle fourth ventricle

Question 53

How does the CSF exit the ventricles?

Answer 53

- 2 openings of luschka (lateral) - 1 opening (medial) - 4th opening doe NOT go to SAS - empty into subarachnoid space

Question 54

What is the function of the arachnoid vili?

Answer 54

maintain fluid balance of CSF in subarachnoid space

Question 55

What is hydrocephalus?

Answer 55

abnormal accumulation of CSF in the ventricles of the brain

Question 56

What are the causes of hydrocephalus?

Answer 56

- hyperproduction - hypoexcretion (via vili dysfunction) - obstruction (cerebral aqueduct most common)

Question 57

What is the enteric system?

Answer 57

- part of Autonomic Nervous System - controls GI motility and secretions - Auerbach's plexus (myenteric) - Meissner's plexus (submucosal)

Question 58

Which nerves make up the parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 58

CN III, VII, IX, X S2-4

Question 59

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the chest and abdominal cavity?

Answer 59

vagus nerve (CN X)

Question 60

Which nerves make up the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 60

T1-L2

Question 61

What are the neuron lengths for the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?

Answer 61

SNS: short preganglionic neuron long postganglionic neuron PNS: long preganglionic neuron short postganglionic neuron

Question 62

Where do preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic synapse?

Answer 62

paravertebral ganglia of sympathetic chain (chain gang) major abdominal ganglia (through sympathetic chain) Chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla (direct synapse on cell bodies)

Question 63

What are splanchnic nerves?

Answer 63

- Paired nerves that innervate the viscera (efferent & afferent visceral fibers) - mostly sympathetic - exception: pelvic splanchnics are parasympathetic

Question 64

What is unique about the synapsing of splanchnic nerves?

Answer 64

Leave the spinal cord passing through the sympathetic chain without synapsing to enter the major abdominal ganglia

Question 65

What are the major sensory pathways?

Answer 65

- spinothalamic - dorsal column - spinocerebellar

Question 66

What are the major motor pathways?

Answer 66

- pyramidal | - extra-pyramidal

Question 67

What is the two neuron system?

Answer 67

motor pathways; upper motor neuron: cell bodies in cerebral cortex of frontal lobe lower motor neuron: cell bodies in CNS

Question 68

What is the three neuron system?

Answer 68

sensory pathways; first order neuron second order neuron third order neuron