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Neuro > Anatomy 19 (Neuro 2) > Flashcards

Anatomy 19 (Neuro 2) Flashcards

1
Q

What is raised intracranial pressure caused by?

A

Space occupying lesions (SOLs)
Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH)

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2
Q

What are signs and symptoms of raised intracranial pressure?

A

Headaches
Nausea
Visual disturbance
Later, altered consciousness
Papilledema
Increased blind-spot on visual field testing

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3
Q

Where is the trochlear nerve located?

A

At the medial edge of the superior orbital fissure

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4
Q

Where does the trochlear nerve terminate?

A

On the superior oblique muscle

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5
Q

Where is the lateral rectus muscle located?

A

Runs along the length of the lateral walls of the orbit on a deeper plane to the lacrimal gland

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6
Q

Where is the oculomotor nerve located?

A

Deep to levator palpebrae superioris

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7
Q

Where does the superior oblique originate?

A

At the posterior of the orbit

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8
Q

What does the superior oblique insert onto?

A

The posterior part of the eyeball

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9
Q

Where is the medial rectus muscle located?

A

Runs along the length of the medial aspect of the orbit on a deeper plane than the superior oblique muscle

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10
Q

What does the inferior oblique muscle insert onto?

A

The sclera behind the equator of the eyeball

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11
Q

What is the lacrimal puncti?

A

Small medial holes in the upper and lower eyelids

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12
Q

Which cranial nerves are involved in the parasympathetic outflow from the CNS?

A

Occulomotor
Facial
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus

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13
Q

Which sacral spinal segments are involved in the parasympathetic outflow from the CNS?

A

Sacral spinal segments 2,3 and 4

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14
Q

Where do the parasympathetic fibres in the oculomotor nerve originate from?

A

Edinger-Westphal nucleus in the mid brain

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15
Q

Where do the parasympathetic fibres in the oculomotor nerve travel into?

A

Branch to the inferior oblique muscle

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16
Q

What does the ciliary ganglion do?

A

Gives fibres that innervate the ciliary muscle (accommodation) and the sphincter pupillae

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17
Q

What do the parasympathetic fibres in the facial nerve do?

A

Leave the nerve in the middle ear to synapse in a ganglion in the pterygopalatine fossa

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18
Q

What do the parasympathetic fibres in the facial nerve supply?

A

Lacrimal gland

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19
Q

What spinal segments is the sympathetic outflow from the CNS from?

A

Spinal segments thoracic 1 to lumbar 2 (T1 - L2)

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20
Q

Where do the sympathetic trunks run from?

A

Base of the skull to the bottom of the sacrum

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21
Q

Where do sympathetic fibres to the orbit arise from?

A

Segment T1

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22
Q

Where do sympathetic fibres to the orbit pass through before entering the base of the skull?

A

Stellate ganglion

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23
Q

What do the sympathetic fibres to the orbit supply?

A

The dilator pupillae muscle, and blood vessels

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24
Q

What nerve innervates the medial rectus?

A

Oculomotor nerve (Cn3)

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25
Q

What movement does the medial rectus cause?

A

Moves the eye inward, toward the nose (adduction)

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26
Q

What nerve innervates the lateral rectus?

A

Abducens nerve (Cn6)

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27
Q

What movement does the lateral rectus cause?

A

Moves the eye outward, away from the nose (abduction)

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28
Q

What nerve innervates the superior rectus?

A

Oculomotor nerve (Cn3)

29
Q

What movement does the superior rectus cause primarily?

A

Primarily moves the eye upward (elevation).

30
Q

What movement does the superior rectus cause secondarily?

A

Secondarily rotates the top of the eye toward the nose (intorsion)

31
Q

What movement does the superior rectus cause tertiarily?

A

Tertiarily moves the eye inward (adduction)

32
Q

What nerve innervates the inferior rectus?

A

Oculomotor nerve (Cn3)

33
Q

What movement does the inferior rectus cause primarily?

A

Primarily moves the eye downward (depression)

34
Q

What movement does the inferior rectus cause secondarily?

A

Secondarily rotates the top of the eye away from the nose (extorsion)

35
Q

What movement does the inferior rectus cause tertiarily?

A

Tertiarily moves the eye inward (adduction)

36
Q

What nerve innervates the superior oblique?

A

Trochlear nerve (Cn4)

37
Q

What movement does the superior oblique cause primarily?

A

Primarily rotates the top of the eye toward the nose (intorsion)

38
Q

What movement does the superior oblique cause secondarily?

A

Secondarily moves the eye downward (depression)

39
Q

What movement does the superior oblique cause tertiarily?

A

Tertiarily moves the eye outward (abduction)

40
Q

What nerve innervates the inferior oblique?

A

Oculomotor nerve (Cn3)

41
Q

What movement does the inferior oblique cause primarily?

A

Primarily rotates the top of the eye away from the nose (extorsion)

42
Q

What movement does the inferior oblique cause secondarily?

A

Secondarily moves the eye upward (elevation)

43
Q

What movement does the inferior oblique cause tertiarily?

A

Tertiarily moves the eye outward (abduction)

44
Q

What is the mnemonic used to explain the actions of the superior and inferior muscles of the eye?

A

RAD SIN
Rectus ADducts (therefore oblique abducts)
Superior INtorts (inferior extorts)

45
Q

What is the mnemonic used to explain the innervation of the extraocular muscle?

A

LR6 SO4 3
Lateral rectus (LR) innervated by the abducens nerve (Cn6) Superior oblique (SO) innervated by trochlear nerve (Cn6) All other extraocular muscles are innervated by the oculomotor nerve (Cn3)

46
Q

Where is the retina located?

A

Posterior of the eyeball

47
Q

Where does the optic disc lie?

A

Lies level with the point of attachment of the optic nerve

48
Q

Where are the retinal arteries and veins found?

A

Radiating from the optic disc

49
Q

Where is the macula lutea located?

A

Lateral to the optic disc

50
Q

Where are the lens located?

A

In the anterior part of the eyeball

51
Q

Where are the ciliary processes found?

A

Radiate from the lens

52
Q

Where is the iris located?

A

Within the anterior chamber, visible after detachment of the lens

53
Q

What is the jugular foramen syndrome?

A

Compression of multiple lower cranial nerves
(Glossopharyngeal (Cn9), Vagus (Cn10) and
Accessory (Cn11)

54
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of jugular foramen syndrome?

A

Dysphonia
Loss of gag reflex
Unilateral wasting of sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

55
Q

What is the foramen magnum syndrome?

A

Compression of the spinal cord, lower brain stem or part of the cerebellum

56
Q

What are signs and symptoms of foramen magnum syndrome?

A

Pain in head, neck, limbs, trunk made worse by straining
Cerebellar symptoms e.g., vertigo, gait disturbance
Decerebrate posture
Cardiorespiratory failure
Pyramidal signs
Death

57
Q

What is arnold-chiari malformation?

A

Congenital malformation
Displacement of the cerebellar tonsils down through the foramen magnum
Sometimes blocks CSF flow causing hydrocephalus

58
Q

What are signs and symptoms of arnold-chiari malformation?

A

Headaches
Fatigue
Muscle weakness in the head and face
Difficulty swallowing
Dizziness
Nausea
Impaired coordination
Patients may also develop syringomyelia

59
Q

Where is the petrous temporal bone located?

A

In the floor of the middle cranial fossa

60
Q

What is the greater petrosal nerve?

A

Parasympathetic branch of the facial nerve (Cn7), emerges from the petrous temporal bone and passes anteromedially

61
Q

Where is the tegmen tympani located?

A

Lies lateral and posterior to the greater petrosal nerve

62
Q

What are the 3 ear ossicles in the middle ear?

A

Stapes
Malleus
Incus

63
Q

What ear ossicle is attached to the tympanic membrane?

A

Malleus

64
Q

What ear ossicle does the tympanic membrane articulate with?

A

Incus

65
Q

What is the chorda tympani nerve?

A

Branch of the facial nerve (Cn7), crossing the tympanic membrane

66
Q

What is the function of the internal acoustic meatus?

A

Transmits the facial (Cn7) and vestibulocochlear (Cn8) nerves

67
Q

What is acoustic neuroma?

A

A benign tumour of myelin sheath of the vestibulocochlear nerve (Cn8)

68
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of acoustic neuroma?

A

Unilateral deafness
Dizziness
Fullness in the ear and tinnitus

69
Q

If undetected what can an acoustic neuroma progress to?

A

It progresses to include ataxia and paralysis of the facial (Cn7) and trigeminal (Cn5) cranial nerves.
This is termed cerebellopontine angle syndrome

Neuro (14 decks)

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