Auditory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is sound?

A

The displacement of air particles following a sinusoidal pattern of compression and rarefacation

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2
Q

What are the components of the auditory system?

A

Outer Ear- air
Middle Ear- air
Inner Ear- fluid
Central Auditory Pathways

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3
Q

What does the outer ear consist of?

A

Pinna
Ear Canal
Tympanic membrane

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4
Q

What is the pinna made up of?

A

Cartilage

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5
Q

What is the pinna formed from?

A

Pharyngeal arches 1 & 2 ( 6x Hillocks of His)

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6
Q

What weeks does the pinna form between in utero?

A

10th to 18th week

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7
Q

What is the function of the Pinna?

A

Directs soundwaves towards ear canal

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8
Q

What is the ear canal made from?

A

1/3 cartilage & 2/3 bone

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9
Q

What bones make up the middle ear?

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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10
Q

What muscles make up the middle ear?

A

Tensor Tympani
Stapedius

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11
Q

What tube is in the middle ear?

A

Eustachian Tube

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12
Q

What is the role of the middle ear?

A

Acoustic impedance match between air and fluid- filled inner ear

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13
Q

What is the role of the muscles in the middle ear?

A

Protection of the inner ear from acoustic trauma
Stiffens the ossciular chain
Stapedius stimulated acoustically

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14
Q

What is the role of the eustachian tube?

A

Ventillation of the middle ear space
Drainage of secretions

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15
Q

What is the vestibulocochlear apparatus?

A

A set of fluid filled sacs, encased in bone

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16
Q

What is the cochlear responsible for?

17
Q

What is the labyrinth responsible for?

18
Q

What is the vestibulocochlear apparatus innervated by?

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve

19
Q

What are the 2 openings of the cochlea?

A

Round window
Oval window

20
Q

What are the 3 compartments of the cochlea?

A

Scala Tympani
Scala Media
Scala Vestibuli

21
Q

What are the 2 cochlear fluids?

A

Endolymph
Perilymph

22
Q

What is the endolymph made up of?

23
Q

What is the perilymph made up of?

A

Like ECF and CSF
Na+ rich

24
Q

How are the gradients of the cochlear fluids maintained?

A

Na, K-ATPase & NKCC1 CIC-K chlorine channels

25
What can ion channel abnormalities lead to?
Deafness
26
What does displacement of the basilar membrane cause?
Causes movement of specialized mechanical transducing cells
27
What is the function of inner hair cells?
Mechanical transduction
28
What is the function of outer hair cells?
Fine tuning
29
How is frequency (pitch) encoded?
Encoded in nerves by location along the basilar membrane
30
How is intensity (loudness) encoded?
Encoded in nerves by numbers responding and by firing rate
31
How is sound transduction encoded?
Inner Hair Cells (and OHCs)
32
How is amplification encoded?
Outer Hair Cells
33
What are the types of hearing loss?
Conductive Sensorineural
34
What is conductive hearing loss?
Defective outer/middle ear
35
What is sensorineural hearing loss?
Defective Inner Ear