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Neuro > The eye and vision > Flashcards

The eye and vision Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 layer of the eye?

A

Outer (Sclera and Cornea)
Middle (Uvea)
Inner (Retina)

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2
Q

What is the sclera?

A

Tough fibrous outer coat, made up of collagen

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3
Q

What is the cornea made up of?

A

Collagen

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4
Q

What feature of the outer layer of the eye allows light transmission?

A

Transparent

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5
Q

What is the outer layer responsible for?

A

2/3 refractive power of the eye

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6
Q

What are the 5 layered structure of the outer layer of the eye?

A

Epithelium
Bowman’s Layer
Stroma
Descemet’s Layer
Endothelium

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7
Q

What is the middle layer of the eye made up of?

A

Iris
Ciliary body
Choroid

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8
Q

What is the iris?

A

Coloured part at the front of the eye

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9
Q

What does the iris contain?

A

Dilator and sphincter pupillae muscles

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10
Q

What type of reflexes does the iris have?

A

Pupillary reflexes

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11
Q

What is the ciliary body?

A

Glandular epithelium produces aqueous humour

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12
Q

What does the ciliary muscle do?

A

Controls accommodation

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13
Q

What type of muscle is the ciliary muscle?

A

Smooth muscle

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14
Q

What is the choroid?

A

A thin layer of tissue that is part of the middle layer of the wall of the eye, between the sclera and the retina

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15
Q

What is the function of the choroid?

A

Filled with blood vessels that bring oxygen and nutrients to the eye, supplies blood to the outer third of the retina

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16
Q

What does the inner layer of the eye contain?

A

Retina

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17
Q

What process takes part in the inner layer of the eye?

A

Phototransduction

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18
Q

What structures are found in the retina?

A

Macula lutea
Fovea centralis
Cones
Rods

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19
Q

What is the macula lutea?

A

The part of the retina that is responsible for sharp, detailed central vision

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20
Q

What is found in abundance in the macula lutea?

A

Cones

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21
Q

What is the fovea centralis?

A

A small depression within the neurosensory retina where visual acuity is the highest

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22
Q

What are cones?

A

Photoreceptor cells that give us our colour vision

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23
Q

What are rods?

A

Photoreceptor cells in the retina that are sensitive to light levels and help give us good vision in low light

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24
Q

What types of cells make up the retina?

A

Retinal photorecptors
Bipolar cells
Amacrine & horizontal cells
Mullers glial cells
Retinal ganglion cells

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25
Q

What are retinal photoreceptors?

A

Rods and cones
Primary neurosensory cells that convert light into an electrochemical message that can be interpreted by the CNS

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26
Q

What are bipolar cells?

A

One of the main retinal interneurons and provide the main pathways from photoreceptors to ganglion cells

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27
Q

What are amacrine cells?

A

Intrinsic interneurons of the inner retina representing the most diverse class of neurons in the retina

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28
Q

What are horizontal cells?

A

Modulate the output of photoreceptors and play many roles in early visual processing contributing to:
Contrast enhancement
Colour opponency
Generation of centre–surround receptive fields in cones and bipolar cells

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29
Q

What are the mullers glial cells?

A

The principal glial cell of the retina.
They form architectural support structures stretching radially across the thickness of the retina and are the limits of the retina at the outer and inner limiting membrane, respectively

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30
Q

What are the retinal ganglion cells?

A

Bridging neurones that connect the retinal input to the visual processing centres within the central nervous system

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31
Q

What is phototransduction?

A

The conversion of light into a change in the electrical potential across the cell membrane

32
Q

What is the anterior segment of the eye?

A

Refers to the front-most region of the eye, and includes the cornea, iris, and lens

33
Q

What does the anterior segment contain?

A

Aqueous humour

34
Q

What is aqueous humour?

A

Fluid produced in the eye

35
Q

What are the functions of the aqueous humour?

A

Nutrition to lens and cornea
Maintains intraocular pressure

36
Q

What shape do the lens have?

A

Bioconvex

37
Q

What are the functions of the lens?

A

1/3 refractive power of the eye
Accommodation

38
Q

What is emmetropia?

A

Clinical term used by eye doctors to describe a person with perfect vision, also known as ‘20/20 sight’.

This ideal condition describes an eye that has no refractive error or visual defect

39
Q

What is hypermetropia?

A

When people cannot see clearly close up without glasses or contact lenses

40
Q

What may hypermetropia be due to?

A
  • Corneal curvature too shallow
  • Lens not flexible enough
  • Axial length of eyeball too short
41
Q

What is myopia?

A

Common vision condition in which near objects appear clear, but objects farther away look blurry

42
Q

What may myopia be due to?

A
  • Corneal curvature too steep
  • Axial length of eyeball too long
43
Q

What is the posterior segment of the eye?

A

The back two-thirds of the eye, including the vitreous humor, the retina, the choroid and the optic nerve

44
Q

What is vitreous humour?

A

Transparent, colorless, gel-like substance located in the posterior chamber of the eye

45
Q

What are the functions of vitreous humour?

A

Providing metabolic nutrient requirements of the lens Coordinating eye growth
Providing support to the retina

46
Q

What is hyaluronic acid?

A

A natural substance found in the fluids in the eyes and joints.
It acts as a cushion and lubricant in the joints and other tissues

47
Q

What are the adnexa?

A

Refers to the parts of the body adjoining the organ, so the subsection on the eye and ocular adnexa includes procedures on the eye itself in addition to the ocular muscles and eyelids

48
Q

What is included as part of the ocular adnexa?

A

Eyelids *
Conjunctiva*
Tear film*
Lacrimal drainage system
Lacrimal gland
Orbital contents except for the eye and optic nerve

49
Q

What parts form the eye lids?

A

Lids – protect the globe
Anterior skin
Eye lashes
Meibomian glands
Orbicularis oculi
Tarsal plate
Tarsal conjunctiva
Levator palpebrae superioris & sympathetic muscle

50
Q

What is the conjuctiva?

A

A thin, clear membrane that protects your eye.
It covers the inside of your eyelid and the white of your eye (the sclera)

51
Q

What does palpebral conjunctiva line?

A

Eyelids

52
Q

Where is bulbar conjunctiva found?

A

Eyeball over the anterior sclera

53
Q

What is the conjunctival fornix?

A

Forms the junction between the bulbar and palpebral conjunctivas.
It is loose and flexible, allowing the free movement of the lids and eyeball

54
Q

What are limbal stem cells?

A

Adult stem cells located in the basal epithelial layer of the corneal limbus that aid in the renewal of the corneal epithelium

55
Q

What adaptations do the ocular adnexa have?

A

Mucous membrane (Goblet cells)
Lymphoid cells (protective)

56
Q

What is the tear film?

A

Thin fluid layer covering the ocular surface

57
Q

What are the functions of the tear film?

A

Protects the cornea
Promotes wound healing after injury
Maintains eye comfort and high-quality vision

58
Q

What are the 3 layers of the tear film?

A

Anterior lipid
Middle aqueous
Posterior mucous

59
Q

Which artery is the primary blood supply of the eye?

A

Ophthalmic artery

60
Q

What is the ophthalmic artery derived from?

A

Internal carotid artery?

61
Q

What are the ocular group branches of the ophthalmic artery?

A

Central retinal a.
Posterior ciliary a. → long and short
Posterior ciliary a.
Muscular a. → anterior ciliary a

62
Q

What are the orbital group branches of the ophthalmic artery?

A

Lacrimal a.several other branches supply face and lids

63
Q

What arteries are derived from the external carotid which supply the eye?

A

External carotid a. → facial a. → angular a.

64
Q

What artery supplies the inner 2/3 retina?

A

Central retinal artery

65
Q

What does the central retinal artery branch into?

A

Superior/inferior/temporal/nasal branches

66
Q

What veins drain the inner retina?

A

→ central retinal v. → ophthalmic v. → cavernous sinus→ internal jugular v.

67
Q

What artery supplies the outer 1/3 of the retina?

A

Choroid artery

68
Q

What is the function of the blood retinal barrier?

A

Regulates movement of nutrition and solutes from choroid into subretinal space

69
Q

What veins drain the choroid?

A

Vortex veins
Usually one for each quadrant
Superior drain to SOV, inferior drain to IOV

70
Q

Where do the superior ophthalmic veins drain into?

A

Cavernous sinus

71
Q

Where do the inferior ophthalmic veins drain into?

A

Pterygoid venous plexus

72
Q

What would happen if the venous drainage in the eye was valveless?

A

Orbital cellulitis/facial infection can precipitate cavernous sinus thrombosis

73
Q

What parts of the eye have lymphatic drainage?

A

Conjunctiva and lids to submandibular and pre-auricular nodes

74
Q

What is the ora serrata?

A

Serrated junction between the retina and the ciliary body

75
Q

What is the function of the ora serrata?

A

Marks the transition from the simple non-photosensitive area of the retina to the complex, multi-layered photosensitive region

Neuro (14 decks)

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