Anatomy

Question 1

Name the 7 parts of the external nose

Answer 1

Root
Dorsum
tip
ala (wings of the nose) 
nostril
septum
philitrum (of upper lip)

Question 2

What is the function of the nasal septum

Answer 2

To divide the nose into two nasal cavities

Question 3

Why should adrenaline-containing local anaesthetics not be used near the nasal cartilages

Answer 3

It is a vasoconstrictor and as the cartilage is avascular, it relies on nutrient diffusion from other structures (skin) and so nutrients won’t get to the cartilage if the skin is vasoconstricted

Question 4

What bones make up the nasal cavity

Answer 4

Frontal
Nasal 
Ethmoid
Nasal concha
Maxillae (1 either side) 
vomar
sphenoid

Question 5

What does the vomar bone do

Answer 5

It makes up the septum

Question 6

What is the roof od the nasal cavity formed from

Answer 6

cribriform plate and crista galli of ethmoid bone

Question 7

What makes up the lateral wall of the nasal cavity

Answer 7

Superior and middle conchae of the ethmoid bone (either as air cells or orbital plates)

Question 8

What makes up the septum of the nasal cavity

Answer 8

Perpendicular plate of ethmoid

Question 9

What separates the brain from the nasal cavity

Answer 9

Only the cribriform plate and crista galli

Question 10

What type of Le Fort Fracture(s) can disrupt the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone

Answer 10

2 and 3

Question 11

What is the danger of the cribriform plate being broken

Answer 11

This would result in a physical connection that would allow infection to spread from the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses into the anterior cranial fossa

Question 12

What is one of the main features of a Le Fort Fracture 3

Answer 12

It involves the zygomatic bones and extends up to the superior orbital

Question 13

Why would a septal haematoma be incised and drained ?

Answer 13

To prevent avascular necrosis of the septal hyaline cartilage which depends on diffusion of nutrients from its attached nasal mucosa

Question 14

What wall has more features? The medial or lateral wall of the nasal cavity

Answer 14

Lateral

Question 15

What are both the septum and lateral walls covered by

Answer 15

Mucosa

Question 16

What are the 3 areas of the nasal cavity lined with

Answer 16

area 1 - keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
area 2 - respiratory epithelium
Area 3 - olfactory mucosa

Question 17

What is the function of area 1 of the nasal cavity

Answer 17

protection

Question 18

What is the function of area 2 of the nasal cavity

Answer 18

Mucous secretes goblet cells, cilia, moisture and protection for the rest o the respiratory system

Question 19

What is the function of area 3 of the nasal cavity

Answer 19

Where you get your sense of smell from

Question 20

Why can’t you smell anything unless it is aqueous

Answer 20

The nerve cells cannot detect it in any other form

Question 21

What does cranial nerve 1 do

Answer 21

Gives you the sense of smell

Question 22

Where are receptor cells found and what is their function

Answer 22

In the olfactory mucosa

they are the 1st neurones in the chain as they pick up the smell

Question 23

What is the olfactory bulb

Answer 23

A collection of nerve cell bodies (ganglion)

Question 24

Where does the olfactory tract end

Answer 24

In the temporal lobe

Question 25

What nerve innervates the nasal cavity

Answer 25

The trigeminal nerve

Question 26

What nerve supplies the anteriorperior section of the nasal cavity

Answer 26

Ophthalmic (CNVa)

Question 27

What nerve supplies the posterioinferior section of the nasal cavity

Answer 27

Maxillary (CNVb)

Question 28

Where does the blood supply to the nasal cavity originate form

Answer 28

The external and internal carotid arteries

Question 29

What are the 2 main branches of the external carotid artery involved

Answer 29

Facial and Maxillary

Question 30

What is the main branch of the internal carotid artery

Answer 30

Ophthalmic

Question 31

Inferior branches of the facial artery supply the nasal cavity. True or False

Answer 31

False - it is the superior branches

Question 32

Of what artery is the sphenopalatine artery a branch of

Answer 32

Maxillary artery

Question 33

Of what artery is the ethmoidal arteries a branch of

Answer 33

Ophthalmic artery

Question 34

What is found in the Kiesselbach's area

Answer 34

An arterial anastomosis on the nasal septum

Question 35

Where is a common site of epistaxis (90% of nosebleeds)

Answer 35

Kiesselbach's area

Question 36

What is the pneumonic for the arteries that contribute to the Kiesselbach's area. Name these arteries

Answer 36

``` LEGS Labial Ethmoidal Greater palatine Sphenopalantine ```

Question 37

What are the names of the 3 conchae in the nasal cavities

Answer 37

Superior, middle and inferior

Question 38

What conchae is not part of the ethmoid

Answer 38

Inferior

Question 39

What are the conchae covered by

Answer 39

Mucosa

Question 40

What are the functions of the conchae

Answer 40

Efficient exchange of respiratory gasses - need to be warmed and humidified Getting drid of toxins we inhale

Question 41

Why is it a good feature that the air becomes turbulent in the conchae

Answer 41

Helps to get rid of dirt and dust as it will be trapped in the respiratory mucosa

Question 42

What are the spaces below each conchae called

Answer 42

Meatuses

Question 43

What is the function of the meatuses

Answer 43

The paranasal sinuses drain into these areas via small holes under the conchae

Question 44

What are the names of the meatuses

Answer 44

Sphenoethmoidal (recess) Superior meatus Middle meatus Inferior meatus

Question 45

What forms the nasal septum

Answer 45

Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and the vomer (posteriorly) and the septal cartilages - hyaline (anteriorly)

Question 46

What forms the floor of the nasal cavity

Answer 46

The right and left maxillae (anteriorly) and the palatine bones (posteriorly)

Question 47

What makes up respiratory epithelium

Answer 47

pseudo stratified columnar cells with cilia and goblet (mucous -secreting) cells

Question 48

What is the correct term of the "holes" in the recesses and meatuses of the lateral walls which allow drainage

Answer 48

Ostia | Ostium (singular)

Question 49

What are the paranasal sinuses

Answer 49

Air-filled spaces within bones

Question 50

How many sinuses does the frontal bone have

Answer 50

2, separated by bony septum

Question 51

How many sinuses does the maxillae have

Answer 51

2 (antra)

Question 52

How many sinuses does the ethmoid bone

Answer 52

2 sets of ethmoidal air cells on either side of the ethmoid bone

Question 53

How many sinuses does the sphenoid bone

Answer 53

1 or 2

Question 54

What is the function of the sinuses

Answer 54

Unknown but many theories so far

Question 55

Eventually, where do all sinuses drain to

Answer 55

The nasal cavity via ostia in the lateral walls of the nasal cavities

Question 56

Where does the frontal sinus drain to

Answer 56

The middle meatus

Question 57

Where do the ethmoidal cells drain into

Answer 57

The superior and middle meatuses

Question 58

Where does the sphenoidal sinus drain into

Answer 58

The sphenoethmoidal recess

Question 59

Where does the maxillary sinus drain into

Answer 59

The middle meatus

Question 60

What is the most posterior sinus

Answer 60

Sphenoid sinus

Question 61

What forms the ethmoidal bulla

Answer 61

Ethmoidal cells push int the nasal cavity and form a bump

Question 62

Where do most sinuses drain into

Answer 62

The middle meatus

Question 63

What does the lacrimal gland produce

Answer 63

Tears

Question 64

Where does lacrimal fluid drain into

Answer 64

The nasolacrimal duct which drains into the inferior meatus of nasal cavity

Question 65

What causes sinusitis

Answer 65

Inflammation of the mucosa of paranasal sinuses

Question 66

What are some causes of sinusitis

Answer 66

Infection Allergy Autoimmune issues

Question 67

How can cold weather or smoking cause sinusitis

Answer 67

Cilia of respiratory mucosa waft mucous towards ostia but are slowed down in these conditions = less efficient

Question 68

What can a viral URTI do in terms of sinusitis

Answer 68

Can cause swelling of mucho, reducing diameter of the ostia

Question 69

Why is sinusitis painful

Answer 69

Sensation is provided by both CN V1 and V2

Question 70

Where might pain from sinusitis be referred to

Answer 70

Teeth

Question 71

What sinus is predisposed to inflammation and why

Answer 71

Maxillary the ostia are located superiorly in the medial wall of the sinus compared to the floor - the sinus has to drain against gravity

Question 72

What separates the roots of teeth and the maxillary sinus

Answer 72

A thin layer of mucosa

Question 73

What might result in an or-antral fistula

Answer 73

Extraction of a tooth

Question 74

What could spread an infection of a dental abscess into the antrum

Answer 74

The roots of the upper teeth