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Human Anatomy > Anatomy 7.1 > Flashcards

Anatomy 7.1 Flashcards

(56 cards)

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1
Q

How does the CNS learn how to control movement of the body more efficiently?

A

With practice

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2
Q

CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord (1-2 cranial nerves)

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3
Q

PNS

A

All other nerves

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4
Q

What sensory receptor is part of the deep tendon reflex?

A

Muscle spindle

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5
Q

How do we assess cutaneous sensation in clinical examination?

A

Cotton ball test

Sharp end test

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6
Q

Afferent types

A

Sight and sound

Vestibular (where head is in space)

Muscle spindle and GTO

Nociception

Temp

Skin mechanoreceptors

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7
Q

What are the type of skin mechanoreceptors?

A

Merkel discs

Ruffini corpuscles

Meissner corpuscles

Lamellar corpuscles

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8
Q

Efferent types

A

Muscular force

Muscular endurance

Muscular timing

Accuracy of motion

Coordination

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9
Q

Myotome

A

Muscle tissue innervated by a single spinal nerve

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10
Q

Dermatome

A

Skin innervated by a single spinal nerve

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11
Q

Cervical enlargement

A

Larger portion due to more nerves running through due to UE

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12
Q

Lumbosacral enlargement

A

Larger portion due to more nerves running through due to LE

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13
Q

Where is the cervical enlargement?

A

C5-T1

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14
Q

Where is the lumbosacral enlargement?

A

L2-S3

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15
Q

What is the conus medullaris?

A

End of the spinal cord

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16
Q

Where is the conus medullaris?

A

L1-L2

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17
Q

What branches out of the conus medullaris?

A

Cauda equina (lumbar, sacral, coccygeal nerves)

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18
Q

How do spinal nerves come out of the skull?

A

Through the foramen magnum

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19
Q

How do spinal nerves exit in the cervical region?

A

Above the vertebrae

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20
Q

How do the spinal nerves exit from thoracic and down?

A

Below the vertebrae

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21
Q

How many spinal nerves are in the cervical region?

A

8

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22
Q

How many spinal nerves are in the thoracic region?

A

12

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23
Q

How many spinal nerves are in the lumbar region?

24
Q

How many spinal nerves are in the sacral region?

25
How many spinal nerves are in the coccyx region?
1
26
Where is white matter the greatest?
Cervical (decreases as you move down)
27
Where is gray matter the greatest?
Sacral (decreases as you move up)
28
White matter
Axons
29
Gray matter
Cell bodies
30
Why is white matter greatest at the cervical region?
Because more nerves are innervating it and less nerves innervate as you move down
31
Why is gray matter greatest in the sacral?
More muscle control in LE
32
Oligodendrocytes
Myelin produced in CNS
33
Schwann cells
Myelin produced in PNS
34
Where are the thickest portion of the lateral horns present?
Middle of the body
35
What muscles does the dorsal rami control?
Back and neck muscles
36
What muscles does the ventral rami control?
UE and LE
37
What does the dorsal horn control?
Sensory
38
What does the ventral horn control?
Motor
39
What does the lateral horn control?
Visceral autonomic (motor of organs)
40
What is the most superficial covering of the spinal cord?
Dura mater
41
What is the middle covering of the spinal cord?
Arachnoid mater
42
What is the deepest covering of the spinal cord?
Pia mater
43
Is the cauda equina a component of the PNS or CNS?
CNS
44
What does lose somatic afferent neurons equal?
Hypoactive
45
What does lose descending inhibition with brain or spinal cord injury equal?
Hyperactive
46
Where do the axons of somatic efferent neurons pass through and where do their cell bodies reside within?
Ventral root Gray matter of spinal cord
47
Where is the cell body of the lower motor neuron located?
Ventral horn
48
What sensory receptor is involved in the deep tendon reflex?
Muscle spindle
49
Upper motor neuron
Running from the cell body in the primary motor cortex in the brain to where it synapses in the ventral root in the spinal cord
50
Lower motor neuron
Runs from the cell body in the ventral root of the spinal cord to the muscle tissue
51
What does a neurological examination help you do?
Localize a lesion in the nervous system
52
Upper motor neuron lesion
Lesion that occurs before the upper motor neuron synapses with the cell body of the lower motor neuron in the central horn
53
Lower motor neuron lesion
Lesion that occurs anywhere from the cell body in the anterior horn to the synapse of the muscle tissue
54
What does upper motor neuron lesion cause?
Hyperreflexia Hypertonicity Spastic paresis Positive ankle clonus Positive babinski sign
55
What does lower motor neuron lesion cause?
Hyporeflexia Hypotonicity Flaccid paresis Negative ankle clonus Negative babinski sign
56
What does the lumbosacral trunk encompass?
Nerves L4-L5

Human Anatomy (26 decks)

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