Anatomy

Question 1

What can the muscles of the face be divided into?

Answer 1

Muscles of facial expression

Muscles of mastication

Question 2

What nerve innervates the muscles of facial expression?

Answer 2

CN VII - facial

Question 3

What nerve innervates the muscles of mastication?

Answer 3

CN V - trigeminal

Question 4

What are the main muscles in the neck?

Answer 4

Platysma 
Trapezius
Sternocleidomastoid 
Scalene muscles 
Supra-hyoids
Infra-hyoids

Question 5

What nerves innervate the supra-hyoids?

Answer 5

Cranial nerves

Question 6

What nerves innervate the infra-hyoids?

Answer 6

Cervical nerves

Question 7

What is the origin of platysma?

Answer 7

Fascia of pec major and deltoid

Question 8

What in the insertion of platysma?

Answer 8

Inferior mandible

Question 9

What is the action of platysma?

Answer 9

Depresses and wrinkles skin of lower face and mouth

Aids in opening jaw

Question 10

What in the innervation of platysma?

Answer 10

CN VII - facial

Question 11

What is the origin of trapezius?

Answer 11

Skull
Nuchal ligament
Spinous processes C7-T12

Question 12

What is the insertion of trapezius?

Answer 12

Clavicle
Acromion
Scapula spine

Question 13

What is the action of trapezius?

Answer 13

Upper fibres = elevate scapula

Middle fibres = retract scapula

Lower fibres = pull scapula inferiorly

Question 14

What is the innervation of trapezius?

Answer 14

Spinal accessory nerve

Question 15

What is the origin of SCM?

Answer 15

Anterosuperior manubrium + medial 1/3 of clavicle

Question 16

What is the insertion of SCM?

Answer 16

Mastoid process

Question 17

What is the action of SCM?

Answer 17

Flex + laterally rotate cervical spine

Question 18

What is the innervation of SCM?

Answer 18

Spinal accessory nerve

Question 19

What are the scalene muscles?

Answer 19

3 paired muscles located in the lateral neck

Question 20

What is the origin of the scalene muscles?

Answer 20

Anterior = anterior tubercles of transverse processes C3-6

Middle = posterior tubercles of transverse processes C2-7

Posterior = posterior tubercles of transverse processes C5-7

Question 21

What is the insertion of the scalene muscles?

Answer 21

Anterior = scalene tubercle on 1st rib

Middle = scalene tubercle on 1st rib

Posterior = 2nd rib

Question 22

What is the action of the scalene muscles?

Answer 22

Anterior = elevation of 1st rib

Middle = elevation of 1st rib

Posterior = elevation of 2nd rib

Question 23

What is the innervation of the scalene muscles?

Answer 23

Anterior = anterior rami C5-6

Middle = anterior rami C3-8

Posterior = anterior rami C6-8

Question 24

What muscles make up the supra-hyoids?

Answer 24

Stylohyoid
Digastric
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid

Question 25

What is the action of the supra-hyoids?

Answer 25

Elevate the hyoid bone - action involved in swallowing

Question 26

What muscles make up the infra-hyoids

Answer 26

Omohyoid Sternohyoid Sternothyroid Thyrohyoid

Question 27

What is the action of the infra-hyoids?

Answer 27

Depress hyoid bone Apart from sternothyroid - depresses thyroid cartilige

Question 28

What are the main areas in the neck?

Answer 28

Anterior triangle | Posterior triangle

Question 29

What are the borders of the anterior triangle?

Answer 29

Superior = mandible Lateral = anterior border SCM Medial = sagittal line

Question 30

What are the contents of the anterior triangle?

Answer 30

Supra-hyoid muscles Infra-hyoid muscles Common carotid artery Internal jugular vein ``` CN VII - facial CN IX - glossopharyngeal CN X - vagus CN XI - accessory CN XII - hypoglossal ```

Question 31

What can the anterior triangle be divided into?

Answer 31

Carotid triangle Submental triangle Submandibular triangle Muscular triangle

Question 32

What are the borders of the carotid triangle?

Answer 32

Superior = posterior belly of digastric muscle Lateral = medial border of SCM Inferior = superior belly of omohyoid muscle

Question 33

What are the contents of the carotid triangle?

Answer 33

Common carotid artery - bifurcates within triangle Internal jugular vein CNXII - hypoglossal CNX - vagus

Question 34

What are the borders of submental triangle?

Answer 34

Inferior = hyoid bone Medial = midline of neck Lateral = anterior belly of digastric

Question 35

What are the contents of the submental triangle?

Answer 35

Submental lymph nodes

Question 36

What are the borders of the submandibular triangle?

Answer 36

Superior = mandible Anterior = anterior belly of digastric Posterior = posterior belly of digastric

Question 37

What are the contents of the submandibular triangle?

Answer 37

Submandibular salivary gland Lymph nodes Facial artery Facial vein

Question 38

What are the borders of the muscular triangle?

Answer 38

Superior = hyoid bone Medial = midline of neck Supero-lateral = superior belly of omohyoid Infero-lateral = inferior SCM

Question 39

What are the borders of the posterior triangle?

Answer 39

Anterior = posterior SCM Posterior = trapezius Inferior = middle 1/3 clavicle

Question 40

What are the contents of the posterior triangle?

Answer 40

Muscles - omohyoid - scalenes Veins - external jugular - subclavian - transverse cervical - suprascapular Artery - subclavian Nerves - CNXI - accessory

Question 41

What splits the posterior triangle?

Answer 41

Inferior belly of omohyoid

Question 42

What is the posterior triangle split into?

Answer 42

Occipital triangle | Subclavian triangle

Question 43

What are the fascias in the neck?

Answer 43

Deep cervical fascia | Superficial cervical fascia

Question 44

Where does the superficial cervical fascia lie?

Answer 44

Between the dermis and deep cervical fascia

Question 45

What are the contents of the superficial cervical fascia?

Answer 45

Neurovascular supply to the skin Superficial veins Superficial lymph nodes Fat Platysma

Question 46

What are the layers of the deep cervical fascia?

Answer 46

Investing layer Pretracheal layer Prevertebral layer Carotid sheath

Question 47

What is the investing layer?

Answer 47

Surrounds all the structures in the neck - when it mees trapezius and SCM surrounds them

Question 48

What are the attachments of the investing layer?

Answer 48

Superior = external occipital protuberance + superior nuchal line Anterior = hyoid Inferior = spine/acromion of scapula, clavicle, manubrium Posterior = nuchal ligament

Question 49

What is the pretracheal layer?

Answer 49

Layer of fascia in anterior neck between hyoid bone and pericardium

Question 50

What is enclosed by the pretracheal layer?

Answer 50

Trachea Oesophagus Thyroid Infrahyoid muscles

Question 51

What is the prevertebral layer?

Answer 51

Surrounds the vertebral column and its associated muscles

Question 52

What is the carotid sheath?

Answer 52

Formed by continuations of the investing, pretracheal and prevertebral layers

Question 53

What are the contents of the carotid sheath?

Answer 53

Common carotid artery Internal jugular vein Vagus nerve Cervical lymph nodes

Question 54

What happens in the carotid sheath?

Answer 54

Carotid artery bifurcates

Question 55

How are the muscles of facial expression divided?

Answer 55

Orbital Nasal Oral

Question 56

What are the orbital muscles of facial expression?

Answer 56

Orbicularis oculi - closes eyes Corrugator supercilii - draws eyebrows together

Question 57

What are the nasal muscles of facial expression?

Answer 57

Nasalis - open/close nostrils Procerus - pulls eyebrow down Depressor septi nasi - opens nostril

Question 58

What are the oral muscles of facial expression?

Answer 58

Orbicularis oris - purses lips Buccinator - pulls cheek inwards towards teeth

Question 59

What are the muscles of mastication?

Answer 59

Masseter Temporalis Medial pterygoid Lateral pterygoid

Question 60

What are the action of muscles of mastication?

Answer 60

Elevate the mandible