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Eye Flashcards

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1
Q

What forms the roof of the orbit?

A

Frontal bone

Lesser wing of sphenoid

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2
Q

What forms the floor of the orbit?

A

Maxillary bone
Palatine bone
Zygomatic bone

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3
Q

What forms the medial wall of the orbit?

A

Lacrimal bone
Ethmoid bone
Maxillary bone
Sphenoid bone

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4
Q

What forms the lateral wall of the orbit?

A

Zygomatic bone

Greater wing of sphenoid

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5
Q

What forms the apex of the orbit?

A

Optic canal

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6
Q

What are the openings into the orbit?

A

Optic canal
Superior orbital fissure
Inferior orbital fissure

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7
Q

What is the arterial supply to the orbit?

A

Ophthalmic artery

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8
Q

What is the venous drainage of the orbit?

A

Superior ophthalmic vein

Inferior ophthalmic vein

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9
Q

Where does the superior ophthalmic vein drain?

A

Cavernous sinus

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10
Q

Where does the inferior ophthalmic vein drain?

A

Pterygoid plexus

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11
Q

What provides general sensory innervation to eye?

A

CN Va

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12
Q

What are the weakest parts of the orbit?

A

Medial wall + floor

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13
Q

What is an orbital blowout fracture?

A

Traumatic fracture of medial wall or floor of orbit

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14
Q

What causes an orbital blowout fracture?

A

Sudden increase in intra-orbital pressure often due to fist or ball hitting eye

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15
Q

What happens in an orbital blowout fracture?

A

Orbital contents can prolapse and bleed into maxillary sinus

Fracture site can ‘trap’ structures

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16
Q

What are the signs of an orbital blowout fracture?

A 
Loss of upward gaze on affected size
History of trauma 
Periorbital swelling 
Double vision 
Anaesthesia over affected cheek
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17
Q

What causes anaesthesia in an orbital blowout fracture?

A

Infraorbital branch of CNVb runs through floor of orbit

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18
Q

What makes up the eyelids?

A 
Skin
Subcutaneous tissue 
Tarsal plate
Orbicularis oculi 
Levator palpaebrae superioris 
Meibomian glands
Sebaceous glands - associated with eyelash follicles
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19
Q

What do Meibomian glands secrete?

A

Meibum - an oily substance that prevents the evaporation of the tear film

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20
Q

What do sebaceous glands secrete?

A

Sweat

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21
Q

What is caused by a blockage of a Meibomian gland?

A

Meibomian cyst

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22
Q

What is a stye?

A

Infection due to blockage of sebaceous gland or eyelash follicle

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23
Q

Where do Meibomian glands lie?

A

Within the tarsal plate

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24
Q

What is the orbital septum?

A

Thin sheet of fibrous tissue that originates from the orbital rim periosteum and blends with the tarsal plates

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25
What is the role of the orbital septum?
Prevents superficial infection spreading into orbit
26
What is peri-orbital cellulitis?
Infection occurring within eyelid tissue - superficial to orbital septum
27
Where does peri-orbital cellulitis effect?
Confined to tissues superficial to orbital septum
28
What happens to ocular function in peri-orbital cellulitis?
Unaffected
29
What is orbital cellulitis?
Infection within the orbit - deep to orbital septum
30
What are the signs of orbital cellulitis?
Proptosis Exophthalmos Reduced/painful eye movements Reduced visual acuity
31
What is the risk of orbital cellulitis?
Can spread intracranially - via venous system
32
What is proptosis?
Protrusion of the eyeball
33
What is exophthalmos?
Appearance of protruding eyes
34
What are the contents of the orbital cavity?
``` Eyeball Fat Extra-ocular muscles Nerves Blood vessels Lacrimal apparatus ```
35
What is the lacrimal apparatus?
Structures involved in tear film production and drainage
36
What makes up the lacrimal apparatus?
Lacrimal gland Lacrimal sac Lacrimal ducts
37
What produces tears?
Lacrimal gland
38
What drains tears?
Lacrimal ducts - canaliculi - nasolacrimal duct
39
What happens with tears?
Blinking washes tear film across front of eye Drain into nasal cavity
40
What is epiphora?
Overflow of tears over lower eyelid
41
What is the role of tears?
Lubricate conjunctiva and cornea
42
How many layers does the eyeball have?
3
43
What are 3 layers?
Outer Middle Inner
44
What forms the outer layer?
Sclera | Cornea
45
What forms the middle layer?
Choroid Ciliary body Iris
46
What forms the inner layer?
Retina
47
What is the retina?
Inner photosensitive layer lying on an outer pigmented layer
48
What is the conjunctiva?
Transparent mucous membrane producing mucous and tears
49
Where does the conjunctiva lie?
Covers sclera, lines inside of eyelids
50
Where does the conjunctiva not cover?
Cornea
51
What is the limbus?
Junction of the conjunctiva with the cornea
52
What is conjunctivitis?
Inflammation of conjunctiva
53
How do we see?
Light enters eye Refracted on to a focal point
54
What structures refract light?
Cornea Tear film Lens Aqueous + vitreous humour
55
What is myopia?
Short-sightedness
56
What is hypermetropia?
Long-sightedness
57
What is the accommodation reflex?
Focusing near objects requires greater refraction of light so eye accomadates
58
How does the eye accommodate?
Pupil constricts Eyes converge Lens becomes more biconvex - contraction of ciliary muscle
59
What is presbyopia?
Age-related inability to focus near objects
60
What types of cells are present on the retina?
Rods | Cones
61
What do rods do?
Active at low light levels | Do not mediate colour vision
62
Where do rods lie?
Peripheral parts of retina
63
What do cones do?
High definition | Colour vision
64
Where do cones lie?
Concentrated in macula
65
What is the fovea?
Area of only cones
66
How are visual action potentials generated?
Action potentials generated in response to light via retinal ganglion cells RGC axons collect in area of optic disc forming optic nerve Action potentials follow visual pathway to occipital lobe
67
What can cause blurring of vision?
Transparency of structures anterior to retina - cataract Ability of structures to refract light - astigmatism - presbyopia Retina - retinal detachment - macular degeneration - optic neuritis
68
How is the shape of the eyeball maintained?
Chambers filled with fluid - anterior and posterior - vitreous
69
What fills the anterior and posterior chambers?
Aqueous humour
70
What is aqueous humour?
Fluid produced by ciliary processes within ciliary body
71
What is the flow of aqueous humour?
Flows from ciliary body Posterior chamber Anterior chamber Drains through iridocorneal angle
72
Where does aqueous humour drain?
Via trabecular meshwork into canal of Schlemm
73
What is glaucoma?
Optic nerve damage secondary to raised intraocular pressure
74
What is chronic glaucoma also known as?
Open-angle glaucoma
75
What happens in chronic glaucoma?
Trabecular meshwork deteriorates as we age Increased intraocular pressure = increased optic disc cupping Gradual loss of peripheral vision
76
What is acute glaucoma also known as?
Closed-angle glaucoma
77
What happens in acute glaucoma?
Narrowing of iridocorneal angle
78
What is the relevance of acute glaucoma?
Ophthalmological emergency
79
What are the signs of acute glaucoma?
``` >55 Acutely painful red eye Irregular oval pupil Blurring of vision N+V ```
80
How is acute glaucoma managed?
Drugs to reduce intraocular pressure then surgery
81
What is astigmatism?
Irregularity of corneal surface

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