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Head and Neck > Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Cranial Nerves Flashcards

(118 cards)

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1
Q

What is CN I?

A

Olfactory

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2
Q

What is the path of CNI?

A

Olfactory nerves from roof of nasal cavity

Pass through cribiform foramina in the olfactory plate

Olfacroy bulb

Olfactory tract

Temporal lobe

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3
Q

What is the role of CNI?

A

Special sensory

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4
Q

What is the function of CNI?

A

Olfaction

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5
Q

How is CNI tested?

A

Ask about sense of smell

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6
Q

What is anosmia?

A

Loss of sense of smell

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7
Q

What is CNII?

A

Optic

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8
Q

What is the path of CNII?

A

Retinal ganglion cells

Axons form optic nerve

Exit orbit via optic canal

Fibres cross and merge at optic chiasm

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9
Q

What is the optic nerve?

A

Carries sensory fibres from one eye

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10
Q

What is the optic tract?

A

Contains sensory information from part of right and left eyes

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11
Q

What is the role of CNII?

A

Special sensory

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12
Q

What is the function of CNII?

A

Impulses generated in response to light - perceived as vision in primary visual cortex

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13
Q

How is CNII tested?

A

Visual acuity using Snellen chart
Visual fields
Pupillary responses

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14
Q

How can CNII be visualised?

A

Opthalmoscope

- seen as optic disc

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15
Q

Where do CNI and CNII originate from?

A

Forebrain

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16
Q

Where do CNIII and CNIV originate from?

A

Midbrain

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17
Q

What is CNIII?

A

Occulomotor

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18
Q

What is the path of CNIII?

A

Midbrain

Lateral wall of cavernous sinus

Superior orbital fissure

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19
Q

What is the role of CNIII?

A

Motor

Autonomic - carries parasympathetic fibres

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20
Q

What is the motor function of CNIII?

A

Innervates extra-ocular muscles

Innervates muscle of eyelid

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21
Q

What is the autonomic function of CNIII?

A

Innervates sphincter pupillae

Innervates ciliary muscle

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22
Q

What is the clinical relevance of CNIII?

A

Vulnerable to compression by raised ICP between tentorium cerebelli and temporal lobe
- sign = blown pupil

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23
Q

How is CNIII tested?

A

Inspecting eyelids and pupil size
Testing eye movements
Testing pupillary reflexes

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24
Q

What is a sign of CNIII pathology?

A

Pupillary dilation

‘Down and out’ position + ptosis

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25
What causes 'down and out' position of CNIII?
Unopposed action of CNIV and CNVI
26
What can cause pathology of CNIII?
Raised ICP Aneurysm of PCA Cavernous sinus thrombosis Vascular (secondary to diabetes/HTN)
27
What is CNIV?
Trochlear
28
What is the path of CNIV?
Midbrain Cavernous sinus Superior orbital fissure
29
What is the role of CNIV?
Motor
30
What is the optic tract?
Contains sensory information from part of right and left eyes
31
What is the role of CNII?
Special sensory
32
What is the function of CNII?
Impulses generated in response to light - perceived as vision in primary visual cortex
33
How is CNII tested?
Visual acuity using Snellen chart Visual fields Pupillary responses
34
How can CNII be visualised?
Opthalmoscope | - seen as optic disc
35
Where do CNI and CNII originate from?
Forebrain
36
Where do CNIII and CNIV originate from?
Midbrain
37
What is CNIII?
Occulomotor
38
What is the path of CNIII?
Midbrain Lateral wall of cavernous sinus Superior orbital fissure
39
What is the role of CNIII?
Motor Autonomic - carries parasympathetic fibres
40
What is the motor function of CNIII?
Innervates extra-ocular muscles | Innervates muscle of eyelid
41
What is the autonomic function of CNIII?
Innervates sphincter pupillae | Innervates ciliary muscle
42
What is the clinical relevance of CNIII?
Vulnerable to compression by raised ICP between tentorium cerebelli and temporal lobe - sign = blown pupil
43
How is CNIII tested?
Inspecting eyelids and pupil size Testing eye movements Testing pupillary reflexes
44
What is a sign of CNIII pathology?
Pupillary dilation 'Down and out' position + ptosis
45
What causes 'down and out' position of CNIII?
Unopposed action of CNIV and CNVI
46
What can cause pathology of CNIII?
Raised ICP Aneurysm of PCA Cavernous sinus thrombosis Vascular (secondary to diabetes/HTN)
47
What is CNIV?
Trochlear
48
What is the path of CNIV?
Midbrain Cavernous sinus Superior orbital fissure
49
What is the role of CNIV?
Motor
50
What is the function of CNIV?
Innervates superior oblique
51
How is CNIV tested?
Eye movements
52
Where do CNV and CNVI originate from?
Pons
53
What is CNV?
Trigeminal
54
What are the branches of CNV?
Va = ophthalmic Vb = maxillary Vc = mandibular
55
What is the path of CNVa?
Pons Trigeminal ganglion Cavernous sinus Superior orbital fissure Orbit
56
What is the path of CNVb?
Pons Trigeminal ganglion Cavernous sinus Foramen rotundum Pterygopalatine fossa
57
What is the path of CNVc?
Pons Trigeminal ganglion Foramen ovale Infratemporal fossa
58
What is the role of CNV?
General sensory Motor
59
What is the general sensory function of CNV?
``` Skin of face Scalp Paranasal air sinuses Nasal cavity Oral cavity Anterior tongue Meninges ```
60
What is the motor sensation of CNV?
Muscles of mastication - Vc
61
How is CNV tested?
Sensation in dermatomes Corneal reflex Muscles of mastication
62
What are the branches of CNVb?
Infraorbital nerve | Superior alveolar nerve
63
Where does the infraorbital nerve lie?
Through floor of orbit - susceptible to orbital floor fractures
64
What does the infraorbital nerve supply?
Sensory from cheek and lower eyelid
65
What is the role of the superior alveolar nerve?
Carries sensory fibres from upper teeth and gums
66
How is CNVII tested?
Muscles of facial expression | Corneal reflex
67
Where does the inferior alveolar nerve lie?
Runs through bony canal in mandible exiting as the mental nerve - susceptible in mandibular fractures
68
What is the role of the inferior alveolar nerve?
Sensory from mental protuberance, lower lip and gum
69
What is the role of the lingual nerve?
General sensory from anterior tongue
70
What is the role of auriculotemporal nerve?
General sensory from part of ear, temple area, scalp and TMJ
71
What is CNVI?
Abducens
72
What is the path of CNVI?
Lower pons Runs upwards into cavernous sinus Superior orbital fissure
73
What is the role of CNVI?
Motor
74
What is the function of CNVI?
Innervates lateral rectus muscle
75
How is CNVI tested?
Eye movements
76
Where do CNVII and CNVIII originate from?
Pons
77
What is CNVII?
Facial
78
What is the path of CNVII?
Pons Enters petrous bone via internal acoustic meatus Gives off - greater petrosal nerve - chorda tympani - nerve to stapedius Exits base of skull via stylomastoid foramen
79
What are the branches of CNVII?
``` Frontal Zygomatic Buccal Mandibular Cervical ```
80
What is the role of CNVII?
Special sensory Autonomic Motor General sensory
81
What is the special sensory function of CNVII?
Taste in anterior 2/3 tongue
82
What is the autonomic function of CNVII?
Parasympathetic from - lacrimal glands - mucosal glands - salivary glands
83
What is the motor function of CNVII?
Muscles of facial expression | Stapedius
84
What is the general sensory function of CNVII?
Small area of external area
85
What is CNVIII?
Vestibulocochlear
86
What are the general sensory functions of CNX?
Lower pharynx | Larynx
87
What is the role of CNVIII?
Special sensory
88
What is the function of CNVIII?
Hearing and balance
89
How is CNVIII tested?
Hearing test Weber's + Rinne's Balance test
90
What is presbyacusis?
Old-age related hearing loss
91
What is an acoustic neuroma?
Benign tumour involving vestibulocochlear nerve - tumour of schwann cells Symptoms - unilateral hearing loss - tinnitus - vertigo - numbness/pain down one side of face
92
Where do CNIX and CNX originate from?
Medulla
93
What is CNIX?
Glossopharyngeal
94
What is the path of CNIX?
Medulla Tympanic branch Carotid body
95
What is the role of CNIX?
General sensation Special sensory Autonomic Motor
96
What is the general sensory function of CNIX?
Tonsils + oropharynx Middle ear + tympanic membrane Carotid body + sinus
97
What is the special sensory function of CNIX?
Taste poster 1/3 tongue
98
What is the autonomic function of CNIX?
Parasympathetic to parotid gland
99
What is the motor function of CNIX?
Innervates stylopharyngeus
100
How is CNIX tested?
Gag reflex Tested with CNX
101
What is CNX?
Vagus
102
What is the path of CNX?
Medulla Jugular foramen Carotid sheath Through neck into thorax + abdomen
103
What is the role of CNX?
General sensory Motor Autonomic
104
What are the motor functions of CNX?
Muscles of soft palate Muscles of pharynx Muscles of larynx
105
What are the autonomic functions of CNX?
Parasympathetic to thoracic and abdominal viscera
106
How is CNX tested?
Test speech, cough and swallow | Gag reflex
107
Where do CNXI and CNXII originate from?
Medulla
108
What is CNXI?
Spinal accessory
109
What is the path of CNXI?
Medulla Emerges through jugular foramen Passes deep to SCM and gives off motor supply Runs posterolaterally across posterior triangle Enters deep to trapezius
110
What is the role of CNXI?
Motor
111
What is the function of CNXI?
Motor to SCM and trapezius
112
How is CNXI tested?
Shrug shoulders against resistance - trapezius | Turn head against resistance - SCM
113
What is CNXII?
Hypoglossal
114
What is the path of CNXII?
Medulla Exits via hypoglossal canal Passes medial to angle of mandible Crosses internal and external carotid arteries
115
What is the role of CNXII?
Motor
116
What is the function of CNXII?
Innervates muscles of tongue
117
How is CNXII tested?
Inspection and movements of tongue
118
What occurs with damage to CNXII?
Weakness and atrophy to tongue muscles on ipsilateral side

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