Anatomy and histology of endocrine organs L11

Question 1

what does the gap between the first and second arch form on the outside

Answer 1

external auditory meatus

Question 2

what lines all the way around the foetus and into the mouth

Answer 2

ectoderm

Question 3

what line the gut tube

Answer 3

endoderm

Question 4

what makes up the oropharyngeal membrane on the outside

Answer 4

ectoderm

Question 5

what makes up the oropharyngeal membrane on the inside

Answer 5

endoderm

Question 6

what happens on the roof of the mouth

Answer 6

some ectoderm is growing upwards to meet the central nervous system

Question 7

what is happening on the undersurface of the neural tube

Answer 7

neural ectoderm is growing down to meet the growing mouth ectoderm

Question 8

what is the ectoderm growing up through the roof of the mouth called

Answer 8

hypophysial diverticulum

Question 9

in pharyngeal arches what does mesoderm form

Answer 9

mesoderm arch (in middle)

Question 10

in pharyngeal arches what does ectoderm form

Answer 10

ectoderm groove on lateral (external) side

Question 11

in pharyngeal arches what does endoderm form

Answer 11

endoderm pouch on medial (internal) side

Question 12

what does the mesoderm core form (4)

Answer 12

cartilage
muscle
nerve
artery

Question 13

which side of the pharyngeal arches mainly zips up to form a smooth surface

Answer 13

the ectoderm groove

Question 14

what is the other name for the pituitary gland

Answer 14

hypophysis

Question 15

how is the pituitary attached to the base of the skull

Answer 15

infundibulum (a stalk)

Question 16

what is the pituitary in contact with

Answer 16

hypothalamus

Question 17

what plane does the pituitary lie in

Answer 17

midline

Question 18

where is the pituitary in relation to the optic chiasm

Answer 18

posterior

Question 19

where does the pituitary gland sit

Answer 19

sella turcica

Question 20

2 lobes of the pituitary

Answer 20

anterior and posterior

Question 21

what is different about the 2 pituitary lobes (3)

Answer 21

Histology
function
embryonic origin

Question 22

what id inferior to the pituitary gland

Answer 22

pharynx

Question 23

what is the embryological origin of the anterior lobe

Answer 23

oral ectoderm from roof of mouth

Question 24

what is the embryological origin of the posterior lobe

Answer 24

neuroectoderm of diencephalon

Question 25

blood supply to pituitary gland (2)

Answer 25

superior hypophyseal artery | inferior hypophyseal artery

Question 26

venous drainage of pituitary gland

Answer 26

cavernous sinus

Question 27

where do axons release neurohormone in the anterior lobe of pituitary

Answer 27

primary plexus

Question 28

where does the primary plexus link to

Answer 28

hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

Question 29

overall role of anterior lobe

Answer 29

receives neurohormone via portal system which dictates what endocrine cells secrete

Question 30

what is the posterior lobe made off

Answer 30

axons

Question 31

what happens in the posterior lobe

Answer 31

axons terminate and release neurohormone directly into the blood system

Question 32

histology of anterior lobe=

Answer 32

typical endocrine= cords of epithelial cells interspersed with capillaries

Question 33

name 2 acidophillic anteiror lobe cells

Answer 33

somatotrophs | mammotrophs

Question 34

name 2 basophillic anterior lobe cells

Answer 34

corticotrophs thyrotrophs gonadotrophs

Question 35

histology of posterior lobe

Answer 35

mainly non-myelinated neurons | with pituicytes supporting cells

Question 36

where is the thyroid gland

Answer 36

C5-T1 stuck on the trachea

Question 37

what is the thyroid isthmus

Answer 37

midline where right and left lobes meet

Question 38

where is the isthmus

Answer 38

cricoid level

Question 39

what is the pyramidal lobe of the thyroid

Answer 39

variable bits of lobe coming off

Question 40

what is the thyroid bound in

Answer 40

fascia

Question 41

arterial supply to the thyroid

Answer 41

superior thyroid artery | inferior thyroid artery

Question 42

where does the superior thyroid come off

Answer 42

external carotid

Question 43

where does the inferior thyriod artery come from

Answer 43

subclavian-->thyrocervical trunk

Question 44

venous drainage of the thyroid (3)

Answer 44

superior thyroid middle thyroid inferior thyroid

Question 45

where do the superior thyroid and middle thyroid drain into

Answer 45

internal jugular vein

Question 46

where does the inferior thyroid gland drain into

Answer 46

brachiocephalic vein

Question 47

embryological origin of the thyroid

Answer 47

endoderm on the surface of the developing tongue which starts burrowing down

Question 48

what is the name for the endoderm on the surface of the tongue which starts burrowing down

Answer 48

thyroid primordium

Question 49

what is the foramen left behind on the tongue from the thyroid primordium

Answer 49

blind foramen ---> foramen cecum of the tongue

Question 50

what is the thyroid gland inferior to

Answer 50

the larynx

Question 51

2 cells of thyroid

Answer 51

follicular cells | parafollicular cells

Question 52

what do follicular cells surround

Answer 52

the follicles

Question 53

what is stored in the follicles

Answer 53

secretory product

Question 54

whats special about the thyroid

Answer 54

only endocrine gland to store product in great quantity

Question 55

what do parafollicular cells do

Answer 55

secrete calcitonin

Question 56

how many parathyroid glands

Answer 56

2 superior | 2 inferior

Question 57

what is the position of the parathyroid glands

Answer 57

very variable

Question 58

blood supply of parathyroid glands

Answer 58

superior and inferior thyroid

Question 59

2 cells of parathyroid gland

Answer 59

chief cells | oxyphil cells

Question 60

which parathyroid cell is dominant

Answer 60

chief cells

Question 61

what hormone do chief cells secrete

Answer 61

parathyroid hormone

Question 62

what happens between the 1st and 2nd pouch where endoderm and ectoderm meet

Answer 62

form an eardrum (tympanic cavity)

Question 63

what does the endoderm form between the 1/2 pouches

Answer 63

auditory tube

Question 64

what does the endoderm form between 2/3

Answer 64

palatine tonsils

Question 65

what does the endoderm form between 3/4

Answer 65

inferior parathyroid gland and the thymus

Question 66

what forms underneath the 4th arch

Answer 66

superior parathyroid gland and parafollicular cells