Clinical diabetes

Question 1

symptoms of diabetes

Answer 1

polyuria
polydipsia
fatigue

Question 2

what is polyuria

Answer 2

excessive passing of urine

Question 3

what is polydipsia

Answer 3

thirst

Question 4

what is diabetes insipidus

Answer 4

polyuria even with restricted fluid intake, patients have excessive thirst ADH deficiency

Question 5

what is polyuria in diabetes insipidus caused by

Answer 5

osmotic diuresis

Question 6

more prevalent type of diabetes

Answer 6

type 2

Question 7

in which type is insulin required to sustain life

Answer 7

type 1

Question 8

which is an autoimmune condition

Answer 8

type 1

Question 9

which has more genetic linkage

Answer 9

type 2

Question 10

MODY=

Answer 10

maturity onset diabetes of the young

Question 11

LADA=

Answer 11

late autoimmune diabetes in adults

Question 12

what happens in type 1 diabetes

Answer 12

autoimmune condition where immune system seeks out and destroys insulin producing beta cells

Question 13

what is the main attacking cell in type 1

Answer 13

CD8+ T cells

Question 14

what is required to activate the autoimmune response

Answer 14

combo of environmental triggers and genetic predisposition

Question 15

phase one of type 1 diabetes

Answer 15

Beta cell death (happens naturally)

Question 16

Phase 2 of type 1 diabetes

Answer 16

priming of autoreactive B and T cells

Question 17

what is the movement of primed/ differentiated B and T cells to islets in pancreas called

Answer 17

insulitis

Question 18

phase 3 of type 1

Answer 18

destruction of Beta cells

Question 19

what increases in CD8+ T cells

Answer 19

the potential to kill beta cells by apoptosis

Question 20

what does an increased number of antibodies to islets antigens correlate to

Answer 20

an increased risk of disease

Question 21

in genetically susceptible individuals with 3 antibodies against islets antigens what is the prognosis

Answer 21

they will get type 1 diabetes

Question 22

what is the strongest genetic association for type 1 diabetes

Answer 22

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

Question 23

outside of MHC what are the most common genetic association (2)

Answer 23

Immunoregulatory genes (PTPN22) 
CD25

Question 24

2 environmental factors causing type 1

Answer 24

Bystander activation

molecular mimicry

Question 25

what is bystander activation

Answer 25

immune response to infection causes damage to healthy tissue leading to release of islet antigens

Question 26

what is molecular mimicry

Answer 26

viral proteins resembles beta cell proteins, immune system attacks both as consequence

Question 27

consequence of severe insulin deficiency

Answer 27

ketoacidosis develops rapidly (especially in children)

Question 28

what is type 2 diabetes often detected via

Answer 28

routine screenings

Question 29

what is type 2 often associated with at diagnosis

Answer 29

high bloop pressure and/or cholesterol levels

Question 30

who do you inherit type 2 diabetes from

Answer 30

from mother

Question 31

what 2 things happen in type 2

Answer 31

beta cells don't produce enough insulin to regulate blood glucose levels Also develops insulin resistance

Question 32

how do Free fatty acids result in insulin resistance

Answer 32

they result in fat oxidation in the mitochondria and cellular stress, when mitochondria are stressed--> increased IL-6 and TNF production

Question 33

how do Free fatty acids ceraminde intakes affect insulin

Answer 33

FFA take in ceramide which can act on PKB/AKt impeding effective responses to insulin and movement of GLUT4 to plasma membrane

Question 34

in type 1 diabetes after 40 years what is found in the blood

Answer 34

measurable C peptide

Question 35

what is the measurable C peptide in type 1 diabetes called

Answer 35

beta cell insulin microsecretors

Question 36

diagnosis of LADA

Answer 36

elevated pancreatic autoantibodies

Question 37

risk factor for LADA

Answer 37

Metabolic syndromes

Question 38

what can diabetic complications be split into

Answer 38

macrovascular and microvascular

Question 39

Macrovascular=

Answer 39

large blood vessels

Question 40

4 macrovascular

Answer 40

stroke heart disease and hypertension peripheral vascular disease foot problems

Question 41

microvascular=

Answer 41

small blood vessels

Question 42

4 microvascular

Answer 42

diabetic eye disease renal disease neuropathy foot problems

Question 43

diabetes most common problem=

Answer 43

heart attack

Question 44

diabetic nephropathy=

Answer 44

diabetic kidney disease

Question 45

what happens in diabetic nephropathy

Answer 45

raised glucose alters chemical composition of kidney causing glomerulus to malfunction resulting in leakage of protein into urine

Question 46

after prolonged raised blood glucose levels what can happen to the kidneys

Answer 46

scar formation---> kidney failure

Question 47

what is diabetic neuropathy

Answer 47

family of nerve disorders caused by diabetes

Question 48

diabetic foot syndrome results from

Answer 48

peripheral nerve damage and associated peripheral artery disease (PAD)

Question 49

3 consequences of diabetic foot

Answer 49

infections ulceration increased risk of amputation

Question 50

diabetic retinopathy=

Answer 50

damage to blood vessels in retina can leak blood into eye

Question 51

HbA1c=

Answer 51

glycated haemoglobin

Question 52

C-peptide vs HbA1c

Answer 52

HbA1c is a more realistic measure as RBC only glycated if serum glucose remain consistently high

Question 53

HbA1c levels normal range

Answer 53

4-6

Question 54

HbA1c levels good=

Answer 54

6.5-7

Question 55

HbA1c levels acceptable=

Answer 55

7.1-8.0

Question 56

>8 HbA1c=

Answer 56

poor

Question 57

when is the most important time to regulate blood glucose levels

Answer 57

at diagnosis