Anatomy: Cardiovascular System

Question 1

what two systems make up the circulatory system?

Answer 1

cardiovascular system

lymphatic system

Question 2

what are the three components of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 2

arterial system
heart
venous system

Question 3

what are the two main circulations of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 3

pulmonary circulation

systemic circulation

Question 4

what are the three layers of the heart, from inside to outside?

Answer 4

epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

Question 5

what is the epicardium?

Answer 5

visceral serous pericardium

Question 6

what is the myocardium?

Answer 6

cardiac muscle layer

Question 7

what is the endocardium?

Answer 7

endothelial layer of the heart

Question 8

what are the four chambers of the heart?

Answer 8

left atrium
left ventricle
right ventricle
right atrium

Question 9

what forms the posterior surface of the heart?

Answer 9

the left atrium

Question 10

what forms the left border of the heart?

Answer 10

the left ventricle

Question 11

what forms most of the anterior surface of the heart?

Answer 11

the right ventricle

Question 12

what forms the right border of the heart?

Answer 12

the right atrium

Question 13

what do cardiac valves ensure?

Answer 13

unidirectional blood flow

Question 14

what are the three layers of a blood vessel from insid e to outside?

Answer 14

tunica intima
tunica media
tunica adventitia

Question 15

what is the tunica intima made of?

Answer 15

endothelium

Question 16

what is the tunica media made of?

Answer 16

smooth muscle and elastic fibres

Question 17

what is the tunica adventitia made of?

Answer 17

connective tissue

Question 18

what is a neurovascular bundle made of?

Answer 18

nerve
artery
vein

Question 19

what type of blood do most arteries carry?

Answer 19

oxygenated

Question 20

what is bifurcation?

Answer 20

artery dividing in two

Question 21

what is trifurcation?

Answer 21

artery dividing in three

Question 22

what is vasodilation?

Answer 22

relaxation of smooth muscle widening the lumen to increase blood flow

Question 23

what is vasoconstriction?

Answer 23

contraction of smooth muscle to reduce blood flow

Question 24

what is sympathetic tone?

Answer 24

background low level of contraction of smooth muscle in arterioles

Question 25

what causes sympathetic tone?

Answer 25

tonic conduction of action potentials to arterioles by sympathetic nerves

Question 26

what is an anastomosis?

Answer 26

where arteries connect with each other without an intervening capillary network

Question 27

what does an anastomosis provide?

Answer 27

alternative routes for blood to flow to supply cells distal to an occlusion

Question 28

what is each alternative route in an anastomosis called?

Answer 28

a collateral

Question 29

what is a disadvantage of collaterals?

Answer 29

they bleed on both sides of a cut

Question 30

what is an end artery?

Answer 30

the only arterial blood supply to a given area of the body

Question 31

what does untreated occlusion of an end artery result in?

Answer 31

infarction of its territory

Question 32

what is infarction?

Answer 32

irreversible cell death due to hypoxia

Question 33

what causes fingertip infarction?

Answer 33

occlusion of a digital artery branch

Question 34

what causes retinal infarction?

Answer 34

occlusion of the central artery of the retina

Question 35

what causes myocardial infarction?

Answer 35

occlusion of a coronary artery

Question 36

what are the four parts of the aorta?

Answer 36

ascending arch of the aorta thoracic abdominal

Question 37

what are the two branches on the ascending aorta?

Answer 37

left and right coronary artery

Question 38

what are the three branches of the arch of the aorta?

Answer 38

brachiocephalic trunk left common carotid right subclavian

Question 39

describe the arterial blood flow from heart to wrist

Answer 39

subclavian artery axillary artery brachial artery bifurcates into radial and ulnar

Question 40

what does the abdominal aorta branch into?

Answer 40

the common iliac arteries

Question 41

what do the common iliac arteries supply?

Answer 41

the pelvis, perineum and lower limbs

Question 42

what do the common iliac arteries branch into?

Answer 42

external iliac artery | internal iliac artery

Question 43

what does the external iliac artery supply?

Answer 43

lower limbs

Question 44

what does the internal iliac artery supply?

Answer 44

pelvis and perineum

Question 45

where is the carotid pulse found?

Answer 45

at the bifurcation of the common carotid artery

Question 46

where is the femoral artery pulse found?

Answer 46

the continuation of the external iliac artery in the groin

Question 47

where is the brachial artery pulse found?

Answer 47

anterior to the elbow joint

Question 48

where is the radial artery pulse found?

Answer 48

radial side of the palmar aspect of the wrist

Question 49

where is the popliteal artery pulse found?

Answer 49

posterior to the knee joint

Question 50

what are the two sets of veins in the body?

Answer 50

superficial veins | deep veins

Question 51

what are the two main venous systems of the body?

Answer 51

hepatic portal venous system | systemic venous system