Blood Vessels and Blood

Question 1

what are the three layers of a blood vessel from inside to outside?

Answer 1

tunica intima
tunica media
tunica adventitia

Question 2

what is the tunica intima made of?

Answer 2

single layer of endothelial cells

supported by a basal lamina and a later of connective tissue

Question 3

what is the tunica media made of?

Answer 3

smooth muscle

Question 4

what is the tunica adventitia made of?

Answer 4

supporting connective tissue

Question 5

what separates the tunica intimacy from the tunica media?

Answer 5

the internal elastic membrane

Question 6

what separates the tunica media from the tunica adventitia?

Answer 6

the external elastic membrane

Question 7

what is the vascular supply to the walls of large arteries called?

Answer 7

vasa vasorum

Question 8

why do large arteries need the vasa vasorum?

Answer 8

only the inner part of the wall can obtain nutrients from the lumen

Question 9

what happens to the wall of the vessel as an artery becomes an arteriole?

Answer 9

loose smooth muscle - tunica media only one or two layers thick

lose the adventitiaa

Question 10

what are capillaries composed of?

Answer 10

endothelial cells on a basal lamina

Question 11

what are the three types of capillaries?

Answer 11

continuous
fenestrated
discontinuous/sinusoidal

Question 12

where are continuous capillaries found?

Answer 12

muscle
nerves
lungs
skin

Question 13

describe the structure of a fenestrated capillary

Answer 13

small pores in the wall

Question 14

where are fenestrated capillaries found?

Answer 14

gut mucosa
endocrine glands
kidneys

Question 15

describe the structure of discontinuous capillaries

Answer 15

have large gaps in their walls

Question 16

where are discontinuous capillaries found?

Answer 16

liver
spleen
bone marrow

Question 17

where is the vast majority of blood found?

Answer 17

the peripheral veins

Question 18

what are the two main parts of blood?

Answer 18

formed elements

plasma

Question 19

what are the three formed elements of blood?

Answer 19

red cells
white cells
platelets

Question 20

what are the two groups of white cells?

Answer 20

granulocytes

granulocytes

Question 21

name the three granulocytes

Answer 21

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

Question 22

name the two agranulocytes

Answer 22

lymphocytes

monocytes

Question 23

what three things make up plasma?

Answer 23

water
proteins
nutrients and salts

Question 24

how can blood be separated into its components?

Answer 24

centrifuge

blood at the bottom, then white cells then plasma

Question 25

what is serum?

Answer 25

blood when clotting factors have been removed

Question 26

what are erythrocytes?

Answer 26

red blood cells

Question 27

describe the structure of erythrocytes

Answer 27

biconcave discs | no nucleus or organelles

Question 28

what do erythrocytes contain?

Answer 28

haemoglobin

Question 29

how long do erythrocytes last in circulation?

Answer 29

four months

Question 30

how are aged erythrocytes removed from circulation?

Answer 30

by the spleen and liver

Question 31

what are leukocytes?

Answer 31

white blood cells

Question 32

what is the most common leukocyte?

Answer 32

neutrophils

Question 33

describe the structure of neutrophils

Answer 33

cytoplasm contain granules | prominent, multi lobed nucleus

Question 34

what colour do eosinophils stain and why?

Answer 34

red granules have an affinity for acidic eosin

Question 35

describe the structure of eosinophils

Answer 35

bilobed nucleus | granules

Question 36

what are eosinophils important for?

Answer 36

inflammation | parasitic infections

Question 37

what is the rarest granulocyte?

Answer 37

basophils

Question 38

what colour do basophils stain and why?

Answer 38

blue/purple granules have an affinity for basic methylene blue

Question 39

describe the structure of basophils

Answer 39

bilobed nucleus, often obscured by granules

Question 40

what do basophils granules contain?

Answer 40

histamine heparin other inflammatory markers

Question 41

what do basophils do?

Answer 41

act as effector cells in allergic reactions

Question 42

describe the structure of lymphocytes

Answer 42

round nucleus surrounded by a thin rim of cytoplasm containing no granules

Question 43

what are the two classes of lymphocytes?

Answer 43

T and B

Question 44

where do lymphocytes arise?

Answer 44

bone marrow

Question 45

what do monocytes serve as precursors for?

Answer 45

tissue macrophages

Question 46

where are monocytes particularly located?

Answer 46

loose connective tissue

Question 47

what is the largest blood cell?

Answer 47

monocytes

Question 48

describe the structure of monocytes

Answer 48

lysosomal granules | kidney bean shaped nucleus

Question 49

what are monocytes called in the liver?

Answer 49

Kupffer cells

Question 50

what are monocytes called in the brain?

Answer 50

microglia

Question 51

what are monocytes called in the skin?

Answer 51

langerhan's cells

Question 52

what blood cells play a key role in haemostats?

Answer 52

platelets

Question 53

what is the earliest site for erythrocyte formation and when does this occur?

Answer 53

yolk sac around three weeks gestation

Question 54

where is the primary site of blood formation in the second trimester?

Answer 54

the liver

Question 55

what is the main site of blood formation at birth?

Answer 55

bone marrow

Question 56

what bones retain haemopoiesis by the time the skeleton matures?

Answer 56

``` vertebrae ribs skull pelvis proximal femurs ```