Introduction to Biochemistry

Question 1

what bond type is the strongest and how is it formed?

Answer 1

covalent

the sharing of electrons

Question 2

what is an ionic bond?

Answer 2

the attraction of opposite charges

Question 3

what is a hydrogen bond?

Answer 3

the sharing of a hydrogen atom

Question 4

what is a hydrophobic interaction?

Answer 4

an interaction of nonpolar substances in the presence of polar substances

Question 5

what is the weakest type of bond?

Answer 5

Van der Waals interactions

Question 6

how many covalent bonds can carbon make, and what shape does this result in?

Answer 6

four

tetrahedral

Question 7

what atoms can carbon bond with?

Answer 7

carbon
hydrogen
nitrogen
oxygen

Question 8

what is electronegativity?

Answer 8

the attractive force that an atomic nucleus exerts on electrons within a bond w

Question 9

what is phosphorylation and what is it used for?

Answer 9

the addition of a phosphate

cell signalling reactions

Question 10

what is acylation and what is it used for?

Answer 10

addition of an acyl group

joining molecules together

Question 11

what is carboxylation?

Answer 11

addition of a carboxyl group

Question 12

what is condensation?

Answer 12

when molecules are combined and water is removed

Question 13

what is hydrolysis?

Answer 13

adding water to break up a molecule

Question 14

what is the first law of thermodynamics?

Answer 14

energy can neither be created or destroyed

Question 15

what is the second law of thermodynamics?

Answer 15

when energy is converted from one form to another, some becomes unavailable to do work

Question 16

what is entropy?

Answer 16

the amount of disorder in a system

Question 17

what equation is used to calculate the change in gibbs free energy?

Answer 17

ΔG = ΔH – TΔS

Question 18

what is an exergonic reaction?

Answer 18

a reaction where the free energy of products is less than the free energy of reactants

Question 19

what is the free energy change in an exergonic reaction?

Answer 19

negative

Question 20

what type of reaction can occur spontaneously?

Answer 20

exergonic

Question 21

what is an endergonic reaction?

Answer 21

a reaction where the free energy of the products is more than the reactants

Question 22

what is the free energy change in an endergonic reaction?

Answer 22

positive

Question 23

what do endergonic reactions need to occur?

Answer 23

energy input

Question 24

what are the standard conditions?

Answer 24

temperature = 298K 
pressure = 1 atmosphere 
pH = 7

Question 25

what type of reaction is ATP breakdown?

Answer 25

exergonic

Question 26

what is metabolism?

Answer 26

all of the reactions occurring in the body

Question 27

what two things are included in metabolism?

Answer 27

catabolism | anabolism

Question 28

what is catabolism?

Answer 28

breaking down complex molecules into smaller ones, releasing energy

Question 29

what is anabolism?

Answer 29

synthesizing complex molecules out of small ones, consuming energy

Question 30

what are stereoisomers?

Answer 30

molecules that are non superimposable mirror images of each other

Question 31

what are the four types of amino acids?

Answer 31

non polar/hydrophobic polar acidic basic

Question 32

what enzyme catalyses the formation of peptide bonds?

Answer 32

peptidyl transferase

Question 33

what is an acid?

Answer 33

a substance that can donate a proton

Question 34

what is a base?

Answer 34

a substance that can accept a proton

Question 35

what determines the strength of an acid and what is this measured by?

Answer 35

how readily it donates a proton the acid dissociation constant

Question 36

what is the primary structure of a protein?

Answer 36

the sequence of amino acids

Question 37

what is the secondary structure of a protein?

Answer 37

the localised shape of the polypeptide backbone

Question 38

what are the three types of secondary protein structure?

Answer 38

alpha helix beta strands and sheets triple helix

Question 39

what is tertiary protein structure?

Answer 39

the 3D structure of an entire polypeptide, including side chains

Question 40

what is quaternary protein structure?

Answer 40

the spatial arrangement of a polypeptide chain with multiple subunits