Diversity of Cells and their Functions

Question 1

what is the most common stain used in histology and what does it consist of?

Answer 1

H+E

haematoxylin and eosin

Question 2

what is haematoxylin and how does it stain?

Answer 2

basic die

stains acidic molecules purple i.e. nucleus, ribosomes

Question 3

what is eosin and how does it stain?

Answer 3

acidic die

stains basic molecules pink e.g. proteins of the cytoplasm

Question 4

what are the four basic tissue types?

Answer 4

epithelium
connective tissue
muscle
nervous tissue

Question 5

what is the role of epithelium?

Answer 5

covers the body surfaces and lines hollow organs

Question 6

how many kinds of muscle are there in the body?

Answer 6

three

Question 7

what does nervous tissue consist of?

Answer 7

neurons and their supportive cells

Question 8

what is a basal lamia?

Answer 8

a layer of extracellular matrix components at the basal surface of epithelia

Question 9

how are epithelia supplied with nutrients and why?

Answer 9

diffuse across the basal lamina

non vascular tissue

Question 10

name an organ formed by epithelial tissue

Answer 10

the liver

Question 11

name the six major function of epithelia

Answer 11

mechanical barrier
chemical barrier 
absorption
secretion 
containment 
locomotion

Question 12

name two minor functions of epithelia

Answer 12

sensation

contractility

Question 13

what are the three types of epithelia classified by cell share?

Answer 13

squamous
cuboidal
columnar

Question 14

describe squamous epithelia

Answer 14

flattened cells

Question 15

describe cuboidal epithelia

Answer 15

cube shaped

height similar to width

Question 16

describe columnar epithelia

Answer 16

tall and thin cells

Question 17

what are the three types of epithelia classified by the number of layers?

Answer 17

simple
stratified
pseudo stratified

Question 18

what is simple epithelia?

Answer 18

single layered

Question 19

what is stratified epithelia?

Answer 19

two or more layers

Question 20

what is pseudo stratified epithelia?

Answer 20

tissue appears to have multiple layers but in fact all cells are in contact with the basal lamina

Question 21

what are goblet cells?

Answer 21

single cell mucous glands

Question 22

what are the two types of glands?

Answer 22

endocrine

exocrine

Question 23

describe endocrine glands

Answer 23

product secreted into blood

ductless glands

Question 24

describe exocrine glands

Answer 24

product secreted into a lumen, a duct or onto the body surface

ducted glands

Question 25

what are the three types of connective tissue?

Answer 25

soft hard blood and lymph

Question 26

what are the two main components of connective tissue?

Answer 26

extracellular matrix | cells

Question 27

what are fibroblasts?

Answer 27

cells that produce and maintain the extracellular matrix

Question 28

what are adipose cells?

Answer 28

fat cells

Question 29

what are osteocytes?

Answer 29

cells of bone

Question 30

what are chondrocytes?

Answer 30

cells of cartilage

Question 31

what are the three types of soft connective tissue?

Answer 31

loose dense regular dense irregular

Question 32

describe loose soft connective tissue

Answer 32

loosely packed fibres | abundant ground substance

Question 33

where is loose soft connective tissue found?

Answer 33

the mesentery

Question 34

describe dense regular soft connective tissue

Answer 34

densely packed bundles of aligned collagen fibres

Question 35

where is dense regular soft connective tissue found?

Answer 35

tendons

Question 36

describe dense irregular soft connective tissue

Answer 36

densely packed bundles of collagen fibres running in many directions

Question 37

where is dense irregular soft connective tissue found?

Answer 37

dermis of the skin

Question 38

name the two types of hard connective tissue

Answer 38

cartilage | bone

Question 39

what makes cartilage semi-rigid?

Answer 39

highly hydrated nature of the ground substance

Question 40

how does cartilage receive nutrients?

Answer 40

avascular | from adjacent tissues by diffusion

Question 41

what are the three types of cartilage?

Answer 41

hyaline elastic fibrocartilage

Question 42

what is the most common type of cartilage?

Answer 42

hyaline

Question 43

what are the two types of bone in a long bone?

Answer 43

cortical | cancellous/trabecular

Question 44

what are Haversian canals?

Answer 44

small canals for blood vessels and nerves to pass through to supply bone

Question 45

how is force produced in muscles?

Answer 45

by the movement of actin fibres over myosin fibres

Question 46

what are the three types of muscle?

Answer 46

smooth skeletal cardiac

Question 47

what are other names for smooth muscle?

Answer 47

involuntary | visceral

Question 48

describe the structure of smooth muscle

Answer 48

no striations elongated spindle shaped fibres cigar shaped nucleus at the centre

Question 49

why is smooth muscle involuntary?

Answer 49

not under conscious control

Question 50

why is smooth muscle visceral?

Answer 50

predominantly found in organs

Question 51

what are other names for skeletal muscle?

Answer 51

voluntary | striated

Question 52

describe the structure of skeletal muscle

Answer 52

long fibres | many elongated nuclei at the periphery of the cell

Question 53

what is the cell membrane of muscle cells called?

Answer 53

sarcolemma

Question 54

describe the structure of cardiac muscle

Answer 54

striated shorter single nucleus at the centre

Question 55

what is the connective tissue coat around nervous tissue called in the CNS?

Answer 55

meninges

Question 56

what is the connective tissue coat around nervous tissue called in the PNS?

Answer 56

epineurium

Question 57

what are the three types of neurone?

Answer 57

multipolar bipolar pseudo unipolar

Question 58

what is the most common type of neurone?

Answer 58

multipolar

Question 59

describe a multipolar neurone

Answer 59

many dendrites and one axon

Question 60

describe a bipolar neurone

Answer 60

one dendrite and one axon

Question 61

describe a pseudo unipolar neurone

Answer 61

short process gives rise to an axon in both directions

Question 62

what are the there principle glia of the CNS?

Answer 62

astrocytes oligodendrocytes microglia

Question 63

what do oligodendrocytes do?

Answer 63

produce myelin in the brain and spinal cord

Question 64

what do microglia do?

Answer 64

provide immune surveillance

Question 65

what is the principle glia of the PNS?

Answer 65

Schwann cell

Question 66

what do Schwann cells do?

Answer 66

produce myelin in the PNS