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Anatomy Final Flashcards

(106 cards)

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1
Q

study of the structure and function for the human body

A

human anatomy and physiology

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2
Q

levels of organization of the human body:

A

atoms, molecules, macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organsisms

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3
Q

open spaces in human body filled with organ and other structures so the spaces are not normally empty

A

body cavity

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4
Q

dorsal cavity:

A

cranial cavity
vertebral cavity

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5
Q

organs in cranial cavity:

A

brain( cerebrum, cerebellum, pituitary gland, hypothalamus, medula oblongata)

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6
Q

organs in vertebral cavity:

A

spinal cord

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7
Q

ventral cavity:

A

thoracic cavity
abdominal cavity
pelvic cavity

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8
Q

organs in thoracic cavity:

A

lungs, heart, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, esophagus, thymus gland

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9
Q

organs in abdominal cavity:

A

liver, gallbladder, stomach, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, appendix, kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters

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10
Q

organs with pelvic cavity:

A

urinary bladder, testes, ovaries, rectum

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11
Q

internal organs of the body especially in the thoracic and abdominal
examples: stomach, lungs, heart, liver, kidneys

A

viscera

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12
Q

water:

A

-Most abundant in all living systems
-Required for many metabolic processes
-Constitutes intracellular fluid

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13
Q

oxygen:

A

-Readily exchanged between living systems
-Releases energy from food sources

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14
Q

food:

A

-Provides us w chemicals/nutrients
-Food brought in and waste chemicals eliminated

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15
Q

heat:

A

-More heat, faster the reactions take place

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16
Q

pressure:

A

-Needed to breathe and blood flow

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17
Q

five environmental requirements:

A

water, oxygen, food, heat, pressure

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18
Q

top 7 elements in the human body:

A
  1. oxygen
  2. carbon
  3. hydrogen
  4. nitrogen
  5. calcium
  6. phosphorus
  7. potassium
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19
Q

trace elements

A
  1. chromium
  2. cobalt
  3. copper
  4. fluorine
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20
Q

outer most level full of electrons

A

stable

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21
Q

same number of protons and electrons

A

neutral

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22
Q

organic substances

A

substance that contains both carbon and hydrogen

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23
Q

composition of carbohydrates

A

C,H,O usually in a 1:2:1 ration

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24
Q

function of carbohydrates

A

primary source of ATP

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25
examples of carbohydrates
glucose, lactose, fructose, sucrose
26
building blocks of carbohydrates
monosaccharides (5 carbon sugar)
27
composition of lipids
C,H,O,P usually not in 1:2:1
28
function of lipids
provide cell structure and ATP production
29
examples of lipids
fats, phospholipids, steroids
30
building blocks of lipids
glycerol and fatty acids
31
function of proteins
structural materials, energy source, antibodies, enzymes, and hormones
32
examples of proteins
keratin, collagen, fibrin, hemoglobin, enzymes
33
composition of proteins
C,H,O,N
34
building blocks of protein
amino acids
35
composition of nucleic acids
C,H,O,N,P
36
building blocks of nucleic acids
nucleotides
37
examples of nucleic acids
DNA, RNA
38
functions of nucleic acids
hold genetic information
39
inorganic substances
substances that do not contain both C and H
40
types of inorganic substances
water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, salt
41
types of organic substances
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
42
most abundant compound in living material
water
43
used in cellular respiration to produce ATP
oxygen
44
transported throughout the body by the blood
oxygen
45
waste product of cellular respiration
carbon dioxide
46
provide necessary ions for the body
salts
47
abundant in tissues and fluids
salts
48
prokaryotic
cells without a nucleus or membrane bound organelles
49
eukaryotic
cells with nucleus and membrane bound organelles
50
main structures of a cell:
plasma membrane nucleus cytoplasm/organelles
51
function of plasma membrane
-protection -semi-permeable -communication
52
composition of plasma membrane
-lipids -proteins -carbohydrates -some cholesterol
53
double layer that acts as the barrier for the cell
phospholipid molecules
54
allows oxygen, carbon dioxide, steroids to enter and exit but few other molecules can get through this layer
phospholipid molecules
55
identifies the cell
marker protein
56
allows specific molecules to enter and exit
channel protein
57
allows cells to communicate
receptor protein
58
the fluid inside the cytoplasm
cytosol
59
area inside the cell surrounding the nucleus
cytoplasm
60
contains the DNA and nucleolus
nucleus
61
small structures in cell that perform specific functions to keep the cell in homeostasis
organelles
62
function of nucleus
houses the genetic material (DNA), which directs all cell activities
63
location of nucleus
In the cytoplasm enclosed in a double-layered nuclear membrane
64
function of nucleolus
produces ribosomes
65
location of nucleolus
nucleus
66
function of ribosomes
make proteins
67
location of ribosomes
Scattered in the cytoplasm and bound to the ER
68
function of mitochondria
Extract energy from the nutrients in digested food
69
location of mitochondria
cytoplasm
70
function of lysosomes
digest weak cellular parts or substances that enter cells
71
location of lysosomes
cytoplasm
72
function of cilia
- Moves fluids, such as mucus, over the surface of certain tissues -cell locomotion
73
location of cilia
anchored beneath the cell membrane
74
function of flagella
Moves in a wavelike manner that allows the cell to “swim”
75
location of flagella
base of a sperm cell
76
function of centrosome
helps distribute chromosomes to new cells during cell division
77
passive transport
no energy used by the cell
78
examples of passive transport
diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, filtration
79
active transport
cell's energy must be used (40%)
80
examples of active transport
endocytosis and exocytosis
81
when molecules move from an area of high concentration to one of a low concentration through a cell's membrane
diffusion
82
when molecules of water move from an area of high concentration to one of a low concentration through a cell's membrane
osmosis
83
when molecules are too large to enter or exit by normal means and instead have to enter or exit through special carrier proteins
facilitated diffusion
84
molecules are forced from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower pressure
filtration
85
movement of molecules in through the plasma membrane
endocytosis
86
types of endocytosis
pinocytosis phagocytosis receptor mediated endocytosis
87
movement of molecules out of the plasma membrane that are usually too large to exit by itself
exocytosis
88
without ________ reactions in cells would not happen fast enough to keep a cell in homeostasis
enzymes
89
metabolic reactions need _________ to happen
ATP
90
catalyst proteins that work by lowering the activation energy and speed rates of chemical reactions
enzymes
91
not consumed in their function to speed the rate of the reaction
enzymes
92
each enzyme acts on ____________.
one specific substrate
93
every cell contains _______________ to help complete reactions
hundreds of enzymes
94
rate of enzyme controlled reactions depend on
-number of enzymes and substrate molecules in cell -how many substrates an individual enzyme can process per second
95
stages of cell cycle
G1(gap stage 1) s(synthesis) G2(gap stage 2) M(mitosis/meiosis) C(cytokinesis)
96
prophase
-chromatin forms DNA -nuclear membrane starts to disintegrate -nucleolus disappears -centrioles appear
97
metaphase
-centrioles move to poles -spindle fibers attach to chromosomes and line up in equator
98
anaphase
-spindle fibers pull chromosomes apart into individual chromatids -chromatids pulled to opposite poles
99
telophase
-chromatids turn back into chromatin -nuclear membrane & nucleolus reappears -2 new nuclei produced
100
which cells go through mitosis
somatic cells
101
which cells go through meiosis
gametes
102
which cells don't complete cell cycle
-erythrocyte -skeletal muscle fibers -neurons
103
process that separates the chromosomes in the nucleus of a germ cell resulting in the nucleus production of 4 new genetically haploid nuclei
meiosis
104
synpasis
chromosomes pairing up in prophase I of meiosis
105
crossing over
exchange of genetic material in prophase I of meiosis
106
helicase
unwind DNA double helix

Anatomy (10 decks)

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