Ch.3 Cells Flashcards
1
Q
process that separates the chromosomes in the nucleus of a germ cell, resulting in the production of 4 genetically different haploid nuclei
A
meiosis
2
Q
meiosis goes through ______ twice
A
PMAT
3
Q
in meiosis, the new nuclei have ___ chromosomes and are ___________ genetically
A
23; differently
4
Q
3 processes that only occur in meiosis:
A
Synapsis, Crossing Over, Skipping replication
5
Q
nuclear membrane and nucleolus disintegrate
A
prophase I (meiosis)
6
Q
centrioles with spindle fibers move to poles
A
prophase I (meiosis)
7
Q
chromatin turns into chromosome form (homologous chromosomes XX)
A
prophase I (meiosis)
8
Q
synapsis occurs (XX) then crossing over happens
A
prophase I (meiosis)
9
Q
Levels of organization in the human body:
A
Atoms,molecules,macromolecules,organelles,cell,tissue,organs,organ systems,organisms
10
Q
Characteristics of life:
A
growth, reproduction, responsiveness, movement, metabolism, respiration, digestion, circulation, excretion
11
Q
Five Environmental Requirements of an Organism
A
water, heat, pressure, oxygen, food
12
Q
2 body cavities
A
dorsal & ventral
13
Q
dorsal includes:
A
cranial and vertebral
14
Q
organs in cranial:
A
cerebrum, cerebellum, pituitary gland, hypothalamus, medula oblongata
15
Q
organs in vertebral:
A
spinal cord
16
Q
ventral cavity includes:
A
thoracic, abominable, pelvic
17
Q
organs in thoracic:
A
lungs, heart, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli, esophagus, thymus gland
18
Q
organs in abdominal:
A
liver, gallbladder, stomach, spleen, pancreas, small intestine, large intestine, appendix, kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters
19
Q
organs in pelvic:
A
urinary bladder, testes, ovaries, rectum
20
Q
the 3 membranes
A
pericardial, pleural, peritoneal
21
Q
types of membranes
A
Paerietal- outer membranes covering all organs in 360, attached to wall
Visceral- cover individual internal organs
22
Q
Top 7 elements in body and percentage
A
Oxygen 65%
Carbon 18.5%
Hydrogen 9.5%
Nitrogen 3.2%
Calcium 1.5%
Phosphorus 1%
Potassium 0.4%
Sulfur 0.3%
23
Q
Next 4 most common trace elements (less than 0.1% alltogether)
A
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Fluorine
24
Q
superior
A
above another body part
25
inferior
below another body part
26
anterior
front
27
posterior
back
28
medial
closer to midline
29
lateral
farther from midline
30
bilateral
paired structures
31
ipsilateral
structures on the same side
32
contralateral
structures on opposite sides
33
proximal
body part closer to point of attachment
34
distal
body part away from point of attachment
35
superficial
structure near surface
36
deep
internal parts
37
metals on the periodic table
everything to left except(H) and stops at Al, Sn, Po
38
metalloids on the periodic table
7 inbetween starts at B to At
39
nonmetals on the periodic table
diagonal down from C to Rn and everything to left of it (also H)
40
neutral
same number or protons and electrons
41
ion
does not have the same number of protons and electrons
42
stable
outer most energy level full of electrons
43
isotope
same element but diff number of neutrons
44
Lewis Diagram
element symbol with the amount of valence electrons circled around
45
shorthand writing of a molecule or compound
Chemical/molecular formulas
46
show how many atoms are joined and how these atoms are arranged
structural formula
47
H-H
structural formula for H^2
48
O=C=O
structural formula for CO^2
49
inorganic substances
water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, salts
50
water
most abundant, most metabolic reactions occur in water, moves chemicals, blood flow, carries heat
51
oxygen
release energy from glucose , carried by red blood cells
52
carbon dioxide
produced as waste product
53
salts
composed of oppositely charged ions, abundant in tissue and fluid, necessary in metabolic processes
54
organic substances
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids
55
Composition carbon hydrogen and oxygen
Building blocks- 6 hexoses
Function- ATP
Examples- sucrose, glucose, monosaccharides
carbohydrates
56
Composition- carbon hydrogen oxygen phosphorus, not in 1:2:1 ratio
Function- cell structure & ATP
Fats- building blocks glycero and fatty acid , staurated & unsaturated
Phospholipd- q glycerol and 2 fatty acid chains, helps in plasma
Seroids - 4 connected rings of carbon atoms
lipids
57
composition: carbon, hydorgen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur
Building blocks- amino acids
Functions as structure, energy, antibodies, enxymes, hormones
Have unique conformation, gives protein its function
proteins
58
composition: carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen phosphorus
Function- protein synthesis and genetic info
5 carbon sugar, phosphate group, nitrogen base
Building blocks- nucleotides
nucleic acids
59
cells without a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
prokaryotic cells
60
cells with a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
eukaryotic cells
61
basic unit of life and have many compartmentalized organelles that work together to perform basic functions of life
cell
62
Cell theory
All organisms are made up of one or more cells
Cells are bsic unit of structure and function of all organisms
All cells come from other cells that already exist
63
main cell structures
plasma membrane
Nucleus
cytoplasm/organelles
64
molecule that specifically binds to a receptor protein on a cell’s plasma membrane
ligand
65
functions of plasma membrane
Protection-serves as barrier from outside
Semi permeable- allows only certain molecules to enter or exit
Communication- allow cells to talk to their surroundings
66
composition of plasma membrane
Lipids
Proteins
Carbohydrate chains
Some cholesterol
67
houses the genetic material (DNA), which directs all cell activities
nucleus
68
Large, roughly spherical structure
nucleus
69
In the cytoplasm enclosed in a double-layered nuclear envelope
nucleus
70
Ribosomes form here then migrate through nuclear pores to the cytoplasm
nucleolus
71
Dense rounded section in nucleoplasm
nucleolus
72
Has nuclear pores that allow certain molecules to exit the nucleus
nuclear membrane
73
Double-layered lining of the nucleus, surrounds nucleus
nuclear membrane
74
Provide structural support and enzymatic activity to link amino acids to synthesize proteins
ribosomes
75
tiny spherical scattered in cytoplasm or on ER
ribosomes
76
Extract energy from the nutrients in digested food
mitochondria
77
elongated fluid filled sacs in cytoplasm
mitochondria
78
- Maintain the acidic pH that enables the enzymes to function and shield the rest of the cell from the acidic conditions
- digest waste materials and cellular debris using enzymes
- recycle damaged organelles and help defend against pathogens
lysosomes
79
tiny membranous sacs in cytoplasm
lysosomes
80
Stores excess water and food (plants only)
vacuoles
81
spherical in cytoplasm of plant cell
vacuoles
82
- Transports molecules from one cell part to another
- participates in synthesis of protein and lipid molecules
- provides attachments for ribosomes
- can identify and dismantle misfolded proteins
endoplasmic reticulum
83
- network of flattened sacs and tubules
- smooth is more cylindrical
-in cytoplasm
Endoplasmic reticulum
84
form the cytoskeleton
microtubules
85
Thin, thread-like strands with diameters 2-3x bigger than microfilaments in cytoplasm
microtubules
86
Form the cytoskeleton
- Form bundles and provide cell motility
microfilament
87
Thin, thread-like strands in cytoplasm
microfilament
88
move fluidos or mucus across cell surface, act as sensory organelles, and help propel the cell allowing it to swim in wave-like manner
cillia
89
hair-like and anchored in the cell membrane
cillia
90
move in a whip-like manner allowing cells to swim through liquids and used for locomotion
flagella
91
long and whip like, base of a sperm cell
flagella
92
- Store or transport substances within a cell between cells
- smaller of these shuttle materials from the from the rough ER to the Golgi apparatus
vesicles
93
within or outside the cell, spherical
vesicles
94
main microtubule organizing center vital for maintaining cell shape and intracellular transport
centrosome
95
cylindrical in cytoplasm near nucleus
centrosome
96
houses genetic information
chromatin
97
Tightly coiled fibers that condense to form individual chromosomes
chromatin
98
Refines, packages, and transports proteins synthesized on ribosomes associated with the ER
golgi apparatus
99
House enzymes and catalyze (accelerate) a variety of biochemical reactions
- break down hydrogen peroxide (by-product of metabolism) and fatty acids, and detoxify alcohol
peroxisomes
100
uncontrolled cell division
hyperplasia
101
loss of specialized structures and functions
Dedifferentiation
102
ability of cancer cells to break through boundaries
invasiveness
103
ability of cancer cells to induce extensions of nearby blood vessels
Angiogenesis
104
spread of cancer cells
metastisis
105
active transport
cell's energy used (40%)
106
movement of molecules in through plasma membrane, usually too large to enter other ways
endocytosis
107
movement of molecules out of the plasma membrane, usually too large to exit by itself
exocytosis
108
passive transport
no energy is used
109
when molecules move from high to low concentration
diffusion
110
molecules of water move from high to low concentration
osmosis
111
molecules too large to enter or exit so have to enter through special carrier proteins
facilitated diffusion
112
molecules are forced from region of high pressure to regions of low pressure
filtration
113
exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs
diffusion
114
movement of glucose through a cell membrane
facilitated diffusion
115
distilled water entering a cell
osmosis
116
molecules leaving blood capillaries
filtration
117
movement of various ions, sugars, and amino acids through membranes
active transport
118
uptake of water and solutes by all body cells
pinocytosis
119
white blood cell engulfing bacterial cell
phagocytosis
120
cell removing cholesterol molecules from surroundings
receptor mediated endocytosis
121
neurotransmitter release
exocytosis
122
interphase consists of
G1, Syntheis, G2
123
G1
(gap 1) 46- growth stage
-includes restriction checkpoint-determines cell fate (apoptosis, remain, proceed)
124
S/G2
DNA and organelles replicated
125
division of the chromosomes in the nucleus of a somatic cell which results in 2 identical nuclei (2n diploid)
mitosis
126
Prophase (92)
-chromatin(DNA) forms sister chromosomes
-Nuclear membrane and nucleolus fades
-Centrioles appear producing spindle fibers
127
Metaphase (92)
-Cetrioles move to poles
-Spindle fibers attach to sister chromosomes
-Chromosomes line up in middle
128
Anaphase (92)
Spindle fibers pull chromosomes apart into chromatids, to opposite poles
129
Telophase (46 each)
-Chromatids turn into chromatin
-nuclear membrane & nucleolus reappears
-2 new nuclei produced
130
process that separates chromosomes in the nucleus of a germ cell, resulting in 4 genetically different haploid nuclei
meiosis
131
Only occur in meiosis:
synapsis, crossing over, skipping replication
132
Prophase I (92)
-Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear
-Centiroles w spindle fibers move to poles
-Chromatin turns into homologous chromosomes(XX)
-Synapsis occurs (XX) then crossing over happens
133
Metaphase I (92)
homologous chromosomes line up at equator, moved by spinde fibers
134
Anaphase I (92)
homologous chromosomes separated X-----X, pulled away by spindle fibers
135
Telophase I (46 each)
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear
Two new genetically different diploid (2n=46)
136
Prophase II (46)
Nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear
Centrioles and spindles reappear
Chromatin turn into chromosomes X
137
Metaphase II (46)
Chromosomes line up in middle, moved by spindle fibers
138
Anaphase II (46)
Centromeres broken and chromosomes separated into chromatid by spindle fibers
139
Telophase II (23 each)
nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear
Chromosomes turn into chromatin
Centriole and spindle fibers disappear
4 new different haploid produced
140
differentiation-
cell specialization
141
stem cells are not ________.
differentiated
142
Progenitor cell-
partially specialized
143
low concentration of solute, high concentration of solvent, lyse
hypotonic solution
144
higher concentration of solute, low concentration of solvent, shrivel
hypertonic solution
145
concentration of solutes equal to that inside the cell
isotonic solution
