Anatomy-Larynx, Nasal cavity w/ sinuses Flashcards
(143 cards)
1
Q
What is the opening to the larynx?
A
the aditus
2
Q
What is the opening from the aditus to the vestibular folds?
A
vestibule
3
Q
What is between the true and false vocal fold?
A
ventricle
4
Q
What is below the true vocal folds?
A
infraglottic cavity
5
Q
From the epiglottis to top fo crichoid cartilage is the (blank)
A
aditus
6
Q
Will the aditus change size with swallowing?
A
yes
7
Q
What is another name for the vestibular fold?
A
false vocal cord
8
Q
What is the ventricle important for?
A
phonation
9
Q
Does anythin contract the vocal folds?
A
no, the vibration of the vocal folds is caused by air moving past them (like a bassoon reed)
10
Q
The area below vocal folds is the infraglottic cavity which takes you to the caudel end of the (Blank).
A
criocartilage
11
Q
What is below the infraglottic cavity?
A
tracheal rings
12
Q
What is the space between the epiglottis and the tongue?
A
valleculus
13
Q
there is a very large cartilagenous mass called the (blank) which is a 2/3rd shield that is open (anteriorly/posteriorly)
A
thryoid cartilage
posteriorly
14
Q
Which is more superior, the thryoid cartilage or cricoid cartilage?
A
thyroid cartilage
15
Q
What is on top of the cricoid cartilage?
A
muscular process, arytenoids, vocal process
16
Q
The vocal process has a (blank) that attaches between the vocal process and the anterior border of the thyroidcartilage.
A
ligament
17
Q
Wat makes up a good part of the true vocal cords?
A
the vocal ligament
18
Q
What does the muscular process do?
A
it has muscles attached to it which allows for the opening and closing of the vocal cords
19
Q
Describe the orientation of the cricoid cartilage?
A
it is a complete ring with the posterior part being taller than the anterior part
20
Q
What is between the thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage?
A
cricothyroid membrane
21
Q
What is the core of the cricothyroid membrane made up of? What do the free edges of the cricothyroid membrane make up?
A
has an elastic core
part of the vocal ligament
22
Q
Why type of joint is the cricoarytenoid joint and cricothyroid joint?
A
multiaxial synovial joint
23
Q
What is the hole in the thyrohyoid membrane for?
A
it allows for the passageof the internal branch of the superior pharyngeal branch of the vagus
24
Q
If you rock the cricocartilage forward towards the thyrocartilage,what will happen to the vocal ligament?
A
it will get tight
25
Who has a shorter vocal ligament, men or women?
women duhh
26
Insie the larynx there is a membranous mucous lining membrane that is called the (blank). This runs between the lateral aspect of the epiglotti and the arytenoid cartilage.
quadrangular membrane
27
What does the quadrangular membrane function in?
keep food from going into the aditus
28
What contains the cuneiform cartilage?
quadrangular membrane
29
What makes up the true vocal fold?
the conus elasticus
30
What makes up the false vocal fold?
the quadrangular membrane
31
The conus elasticus is a continuation of what membrane?
the cricothyroid membrane
32
What kind of effect does the quadrangular space have on the aditus?
purse string effect
33
What comes up between the cricocartilage and the thyroidcartilage?
the conus elasticus
34
Which is higher, the false or the true vocal cord?
the false vocal cord
35
What all does the free edge of the conus elasticus make?
true vocal fold and vocal ligament
36
The (blank) is the vocal fold plus the slit (rima glottidis) between the two folds.
glottis
37
What are all the structures that you find in the posterior side of the esophagus?
```
epiglottis
aryepiglottic fold
cuneiform tubercle
corniculate tubercle
arytenoideus
lamina of cricoid cartilage
(in order superior to inferior)
```
38
What are the structures you find in the anterior aspect of the esophagus?
```
vestibular fold
ventricl
vocal fold
thryoid cartilage
arch of cricoid cartilage
(in order superior to inferior)
```
39
What kind of joint is the cricothyroid joint?
synovial joint
40
the movement of the cricothyroid joint occurs around what axis?
transverse axis
41
What does the cricothyroid joint articulate with?
the inferior cornu of thyroid and the cricoid cartilage
42
What is the only muscle not innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve?
the cricothyoid muscle (innervated by the external branch of the superior laryngeal branch of the vagus)
43
What does the cricothyroid muscle do?
tilts thyroid cartilage forward and allows for rocking, tension and elongation of vocal folds/cords
44
What is the only tensor muscle of the larynxand is a major rocker?
cricothyroid muscle
45
What kind of movement do you get around the cirocarytenoid joint?
abduction/adduction over a vertical or horizontal axis
| with rotation or gliding
46
When you contract your cricothyroid what happens to your arytenoids and the vocal ligmanets?
they arytenoids go posteriorly and the vocal ligaments get stretched (adds tension)
47
What happens of your lose your recurrrent laryngeal nerve?
you will have a cricothyroid that will just cause tension and adduct your vocal ligaments (you lose your voice)
48
What does the posterior cricoarytenoid muscles do?
abduction of the vocal folds
49
What does the lateral circoarytenoid muscle do?
adduction of the vocal folds
50
What 2 muscles go in between the arytenoid cartilages?
the transverse and oblique arytenoids
51
What does the tranveres and obliqe arytenoids do?
adduct the vocal folds
52
What is a muscle that relaxes the vocal folds?
thyroarytenoids
53
What are the 2 mucles of the laryngeal inlet and what do they do?
purse string muscles that form thin muscle mass in the aryepiglottic fold made up of the quadrangular membrane
54
When what two muscles contract, will they pull in the walls of the aryepiglottic folds to decrease the size of the laryneal aditus?
aryepiglotics and thyroepiglottic muscles
55
What muscle is important for determining pitch?
the vocalis muscle
56
All the vocal cord movers are adducotrs in some form except for the (blank)
posterior cricoarytenoid muscle
57
All of the muscles of the larynx are innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve except for the (blank) which is by the (blank)
circothyroid (main tensor)
| external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve
58
If something gets into the additus what is the reflex on?
in on 10 out on 10 and phrenic
59
all intrinisc muscles of the larynx are innervated by the (blank) except the criothyroid via the superior laryngeal
recurrent laryngeal nerve
60
What gives sensory innervation above the vocal folds?
the superior laryngeal nerve
61
What gives sensory innervation below the vocal folds?
recurrent laryngeal nerve
62
Where does the superior laryngeal artery come from?
the superior thyroid artery
63
Where does the inferior laryneal artery come from?
the inferior thryoid off the thyrocervical trunk
64
What artery follows the inferior laryngeal nerve?
the inferior laryngeal artery
65
What all does swallowing involve?
tongue, supra and infrahyoid muscles, organized contraction of pharyngeal constrictors
66
What happens when a bolus of food enters the throat?
the bolus pushes the the tongue posteriorly and deflects the epiglottis and will then run into the piriform recesses (epiglottis and piriform recesss help prevent food from entering the trachea)
67
On an MRI, how can you tell the difference between the pharynx and larynx?
the larynx is longer vertically and the pharynx is longer horizontal (pharynx is fat)
68
Developmental stages of nasal cavity include a period when it is continuous with the (blank)
oral cavity
69
the nasal prominence and olfactory placode form the nasal and oral cavity. What causes the induction of the nasal (olfactory) placode (blank)
forebrain
70
The oral cavity and the nasal cavity are contiguous and then we have to develop a hard and soft palate to divide two attachments from each other. the division of ths hard and soft palate is the critical development of the (blank)
face
71
How many prominences does the face develop from?
5 prominences (4 paired and 1 unpaired)
72
What are all the prominences and which is unpaired?
o Frontal – unpaired
o Medial and lateral nasal prominences (paired)
o Maxillary prominence (paired)
o Mandibular prominence (paired)
73
What is the prominence that is most important for normal facial development?
nasal (medial and lateral) and maxillary prominences and the frontonasal prominence
74
What causes cleft palate?
improper fusion of facial prominences
75
What is created by the growing together of the medial nasal prominences?
the philtrum of the upper lip, the incisor portion of the upper jaw, trianular primary palate back to incisive canal
76
Where will you most likely get a cleft palate problem?
with the upper prominance
77
What does the maxillary prominence fuse with?
the medial nasal prominence and lateral nasal prominence
78
What becomes the nostrils?
the frontonasal prominence
79
What will the medial nasal prominence become? What might a deformation cause here?
the bridge of the nose and the nostril flares (ala)
| Brain damage
80
What will the maxillary promience become?
part of upper lip and bulk of palatine shelves that make up hard palate
81
If the maxillary and lateral dont fuse properly what kind of cleft palate can you get?
oblique
82
What are the 3 points of fusion?
o b/w 2 medial nasal
o medial nasal and maxillary on each side
o maxillary with lateral nasal
83
If you get a cleft due to improper fusion of the lateral nasal cavity and the maxillary prominence what can this lead to?
disruption of the nasolacrimal duct
84
What does the frontonasal prominence form?
the nasal septum
85
What does the incisive canal gives us a landmark for?
between the primary palate and the secondary palate
86
The philtrum of the upper lip, the incisor portion of the upper jaw and the triangular primary palate back to the incisive canal are formed by the growing together of the (blank)
medial nasal prominences
87
What make all the stuff anterior to the incisive canal (i.e primary palate and upper lip)
the medial nasal prominence
88
As you go posterior to incisive canal (dividing line between primary and secondary palates) there will be a contribution from the (blank)
maxillary prominence and the nasal septum of frontonasal prominence
89
Is cleft lip more common in males or females? Is this maternal age dependent?
males
| yes, this is maternal age dependent
90
Is Isolated cleft palate more or less common and found in males or females and is this maternal dependent?
less common, females, not maternal dependent.
91
Do clefts have a genetic or environemental component?
yes, both
92
Are cleft palate associated with mental retardation?
some are (usually the midline varieties)
93
What is a midline cleft problem?
the 2 median nasal prominence and palatine shelf isnt coming together so there in incomplete formation of neural tube
94
What is the most severe cleft palate and why?
midline cleft problem because it is associated with mental retardation
95
Any defect in the vicinity of the primary palate is due to failure to fuse of the (blank) and (Blank). what kind of cleft is this?
medial nasal and maxillary prominences
| cleft lip, cleft primary palate
96
Cleft secondary palate is due to fusion failure of the (blank)
palatine shelves of the maxillary prominence
97
Can you get combined clefts?
yes
98
Oblique clefts are from fusion failure between (blank) and (Blank) exposing the (blank) duct.
maxillary
lateral nasal prominence
nasolacrimal duct
99
Are midline cleft common?
no they are rare
100
What makes up the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
```
Ethmoid bone
Palatine bone
Lacrimal bone
Maxillarybone
Inferior concha
Sphenoid bone
Frontal bone
Nasal bone
```
101
How many concha are there? and what is under each one of these?
```
3 (superior, middle and inferior concha)
a meatus (superior meatus, middle meatus, inferior meatus)
```
102
Where is the biggest space?
under the inferior concha
103
What opening is in the inferior meatus?
the nasolacrimal duct
104
What opening is found within the middle meatus and is the opening for the frontal and maxillary sinus?
the hiatus semilunares
105
Where do you find the bulla?
in the middle meatus
106
How does the sphenoid sinus get into the superior meatus?
through the sphenoethmoidal recess
107
When we tand in the erect posture is the maxillary sinus above or below the meatus?
below the meatus
108
How do you get stuff to drain out the maxillary sinus if the sinus is below the opening into the middle meatus?
there is cilia that beats up toward the opening
109
What are the four paranasal sinuses and describe where they are located?
maxillary -> under eyes next to nose (big circles)
frontal-> located above eyes
ethmoidal-> between your eyes and go posteriorly
sphenoid-> right in front of optic chiasm
110
are sinuses present in newborns?
no
111
when do sinuses begin to form?
1 year
112
What is the sinus that appears at 1 year?
maxillary sinus
113
What are the sinuses that are present at 6 years?
sphenoid sinus
ethmoid sinuses
maxillary sinuses
114
What are teh sinuses that are present at 10 years?
sphenoid sinus
ethmoid sinus
frontal sinus
maxillary sinus
115
When are sinuses completely developed?
at 21
116
What is th nerve supply to the lateral wall nasal wall?
ethmoid nerves from nasociliary branch of V1
| posterior nasal branches from palatine nerves and ganglion
117
What does the anterior ethmoidal nerves do?
gives sensory innervation to the mucosa lining of the lateral nasal cavity (sympathetics are on there too)
118
What do the posterior branches form the palatine ganglion do?
gives sensory innervation to mucous membrane and carry some parasympathetics to the mucous glands
119
Where does the posterior nasal nerve coem from?
from pterygopalatine ganglion or palatine nerves
120
What branch of the trigeminal also gives sensory innervation to the lateral wall?
V2
121
What makes the bony and cartilaginous septum of the medial wall of the nasal cavity?
perpendicular plate of ethmoid
septal cartilage
vomer
122
Where do you find these structure:
nasal septum
choanae
nasopharynx
medial wall of nasal cavity
123
What is the blood supply of the nasal cavity?
branch of maxillary artery (sphenopalatine)
ethmoidal arteries
facial artery
124
Where do the ethmoidal arteries come from?
the opthalmic artery
125
Why are nose bleeds that come from the facial artery easier to stop than other types of nose bleeds?
because the facial artery is compressible will the sphenopalatine and ethmoidal arteries arent
126
What is the nerve supply to the medial wall of the nasal cavity?
anterior ethmoidal branch
nasopalatine nerve
nasopalatine nerve in incisive canal
127
What nerve goes through the incisive canal?
the nasopalatine nerve
128
Where does the anteiror ethmoidal branch come from?
v1
129
Where does the nasopalatine nerve come from?
V2
130
What does the pterygopalatine fossa contain?
maxillary nerve
maxillary artery
pterygopalatine ganglion
131
What does the pterygopalatine fossa do?
sends innervation and blood supply to nasal cavity, palate, teeth and skin of face
132
There are (blank) openings of the pterygopalatine fossa
6
133
What needs to enter the pterygopalatine fossa?
an artery
a nerve
parasympathetic and sympathetics
134
What artery enters the pterygopalatine fossa and how?
maxillary artery-> pterygomaxillary fissure
135
What nerve enters the pterygopalatine fossa and how?
V2 (maxillary nerve) through foramen rotundum
136
How do sympathetics/parasympathetics get into the pterygopalatine fossa?
greater petrosal (parasympathetics) and deep petrosal (sympathetics) pterygoid canal
137
What does the infraorbital nerve give off before entering the orbit?
the anterior, middle, and posterior superior alveolar nerves
138
What comes off of the pterygopalatine ganglion?
the lesser and greater palatine nerves
139
What does the lesser palatine nerve innervate and is located anteriorly or posteriorly?
posterior and soft palate
140
What does the greater palatine nerve innervate and where is it located?
the hard palate and is anterior
141
What needs to leave the pterygopalatine fossa and how?
infraorbital nerve-> infraorbital fissure
greater and lesser palatine nerve, branches of V2-> palatine canal
nerves (nasopalatine) and blood supply to nasal cavity-> sphenopalatine foramen.
142
What comes off the pterygopalatine ganglion?
palatine nerves, some lateral nasal branches, nasopalatine nerve
143
Does the maxillary nerve carry pre or post ganglionic parasympathetics?
postganglionic parasympathetics
