Emotions Dr. Piasecki

Question 1

Where do we find emotions?

Answer 1

in the amygdala

Question 2

What is a major structure leading to patterns of physiological change which pause when emotions occur?

Answer 2

amygdala

Question 3

How come we can have an emotion reaction/response before we’re aware of what’s going on?

Answer 3

becuas their is a connection to the thalamus to cortex to amydala

Question 4

The innermost part of the brain is about (blank)

Answer 4

survival

Question 5

What do emotions do for us?

Answer 5

help us respond to important situations and to convey our intentions to others

Question 6

The voluntary smile is driven by?

Answer 6

motor cortex, pyramidal tracts

Question 7

What is the involuntary smile driven by?

Answer 7

motor areas in ant cingulte, extrapyramidal, reticular activating system

Question 8

What is your emotional response driven by?

Answer 8

subjective

autonomic

Question 9

What parts of your brain contribute to your emotional response?

Answer 9

structures

pathways

Question 10

what is the emotional motor system?

Answer 10

subective experience-> visceral and somatic motor response

Question 11

What is a primary emotion experienced by all social animals that creates a visceral motor and somatic motor response?

Answer 11

fear

Question 12

How do you measure fear in animals?

Answer 12

heart rate and blood pressure
salivation
respiratory rate
scanning
startle
urination/defecation
freezing

Question 13

What is the brains shortcut for emotions?

Answer 13

it can directly hit up the amygdala from the thalamus and bypass the visual cortex

Question 14

how do humans respond to fear?

Answer 14

heart pounding or racing
dry mouth
pale skin
respiratory rate
hypervigilance
increased startle
urination/diarrhea
apprehensive expectation

Question 15

What are the brain structures that mediate emotion?

Answer 15

hypothalamus
limbic system (limbic cortex, amygdala)
brainstem
nucleus accumbens
prefrontal cortex

Question 16

What does the hypothalamus function in?

Answer 16

light dark cycle
temperature regulation
neuroendocrine
integral in emotion and sexual behaviors

Question 17

What do the removal of the cerebral hemispheres show?

Answer 17

showed that the hypothalamus integrated emotions and behaviors

Question 18

What kind of emotion is experienced with ablation of just the cerebral hemispheres? Of the cerebral hemispheres AND the hypothalamus?

Answer 18

rage, attack with just the hemispheres

Docility with the hemispheres and hypothalamus

Question 19

What is the the route information takes to go through the hypothalamus?

Answer 19

input form cortex (relatively unprocessed)

output to brainstem’s reticular formation

Question 20

What is the link between higher cortical activity and the “lower” systems that control emotional behavior?

Answer 20

limbic system

Question 21

What makes up the limbic system?

Answer 21

the limbic lobe and deep lying structures (amygdala, hippocampus, mamillary bodies)

Question 22

What are considered the deep lying structures of the limbic system?

Answer 22

amygdala, hippocampus, mamillary bodies

Question 23

What allows you to have the duchenne smile?

Answer 23

cingulate gyrus

Question 24

What is this:

primitive cortical tissue with a cingulate gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus

Answer 24

limbic lobe

Question 25

Where is the limbic lobe located?

Answer 25

encircles the upper brain stem (around corpus callosum)

Question 26

what does the limbic system do?

Answer 26

integrates info about emotional content from cortical association areas

Question 27

What happens if you remove an aggressive monkeys amygdala?

Answer 27

they become docile, horny and compulsive

Question 28

What is kluver bucy syndrome?

Answer 28

it is severe temporal lobe damage, specifically to the AMYGDALA that results in visual agnosia, apathy/placidity, disturbance in sexual function, dementia, aphasia, amnesia

Question 29

What are these a part of orbital and medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) nucleus of thalamus amygdala

Answer 29

limbic structure

Question 30

What is the amygdala?

Answer 30

a nuclear mass

Question 31

Where is the amygdala?

Answer 31

buried in the white matter of the temporal lobe, in front of the hippocampus

Question 32

What does the amygdala do?

Answer 32

connects to olfactory bulb cerebral cortex (frontal and association areas of temporal lobe) brainstem and hypothalamus

Question 33

What is considered the "emotional association area"?

Answer 33

amygdala

Question 34

What links the cortical areas the process sensory info to hypothalamus and brainstem effector systems?

Answer 34

amygdala

Question 35

What allows for emotional learning?

Answer 35

amygdala (associative learning)

Question 36

How can you abolish fear response?

Answer 36

remove on amygdala and block visual information from the eye on that side

Question 37

What kind of conditioning is this: | pair tone and foot shock, then tone alone ellicits fear and increased BP and freezing.

Answer 37

associative learning fear response

Question 38

What happens if you infuse NMDA antagonist (preventing LTP) into amygdala during learning?

Answer 38

prevents facilitated learning and long term potentiation

Question 39

What happens to fear response if connection between medial geniculate and amygdala are severed prior to learning?

Answer 39

you dont get it

Question 40

What can damage to the amygdala case?

Answer 40

messed up adaptive responses asymmetric responses non adaptive responses

Question 41

What are the non-adaptive responses?

Answer 41

overactive learned fear response: | PTSD, Depression, Phobias

Question 42

Why does the amydala give you pleasure?

Answer 42

gives emotional coloring of environment learned rewards (anticipation of pleasure) place for drug abuse gives you emotional significance of environment (adapt, size, reproduce)

Question 43

natural rewards elevate (blank)

Answer 43

dopamine

Question 44

What is the neurological basis for pleasure? How does this relate to addiction?

Answer 44

nucleus accumbens | raises your dopamine levels hugely

Question 45

What gives the highest release of dopamine?

Answer 45

amphetamines

Question 46

What gives you the longest release of dopamine?

Answer 46

cocaine

Question 47

What gives you varying amounts of dopamine release with different amounts of consumption, but begins to lessen the amount of release after a certain amount of conusmption.

Answer 47

ethanol

Question 48

What happens after you stop taking cocaine

Answer 48

your dopamine levels fall below normal :(

Question 49

What do drugs do to your brain?

Answer 49

it rewires them

Question 50

(blank) may experience a powerful urger to use when they encounter environmental cues associated with use. (blank) regions of the brain are activated when watching cocaine-related videos.

Answer 50

cocaine abusers | limbic

Question 51

Where do psychopaths have changes in their brain?

Answer 51

in the amygdala

Question 52

How does the orbitofrontal cortex regulate emotion?

Answer 52

the posterior frontal lobe mediates aggression and emotional responsiveness

Question 53

What happens if you have damage to the posterior frontal lobe?

Answer 53

disinhibition

Question 54

Lesion input from amygdala results in what?

Answer 54

decreased rage from disappointed primates

Question 55

What are 2 amydala abnormalities?

Answer 55

kluver-bucy | urbach-wiethe

Question 56

``` What are these: frontal lobe injuries temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) amydala abnormalities lobotomy stroke ```

Answer 56

Structural brain disorders

Question 57

What are the symptoms of kluver bucy syndrome?

Answer 57

agnosia, apathy disturbed sexual behavior dementia, aphasia, amnesia

Question 58

What are causes of Kluver Budy Syndrome?

Answer 58

tumors, trauma, herpes, surgery

Question 59

What is this: a rare genetic disease bilateral calcification and atrophy of anterior temporal lobes unable to identify fear from photos

Answer 59

Urbach-Wiethe

Question 60

What do you call it when you separate the tracts from orbitofrontal cortex to amygdala?

Answer 60

lobotomy

Question 61

Is there lateralization of emotions?

Answer 61

yes

Question 62

What does the right hemisphere do?

Answer 62

expession and comprehension of emotional (affective) content

Question 63

Which ear/hemifield is better at detecting emotional nuances of speech/ images and which side of the face may be more expressive of emotion

Answer 63

the left side

Question 64

What side of the brain does this: The understanding and expression of affective (mood) components to speech Relatively more L facial emotional expression

Answer 64

R hemisphere

Question 65

What happens if you damage the right hemisphere?

Answer 65

aprosody unable to read emotional coloring of speech all speech becomes email like

Question 66

What side of the brain is affected if you get aphasia?

Answer 66

left hemisphere

Question 67

What is this: poor comprehension of words still understand emotional content clinical situations

Answer 67

aphasia

Question 68

What are the hemispheric contributions to mood?

Answer 68

Left-> positive emotions | Right-> negative emotions

Question 69

So if you damage the left anterior side of your brain what will your mood be like? If you damage the right anterior side of your brain what will your mood be like?

Answer 69

depressed | elevated mood

Question 70

Depression more than (blank) the likelihood of dying in the 10 years after a stroke/

Answer 70

triples (treatment with antidepressants may improve survival)

Question 71

Nevada rate for elderly suicide is (blank) percent of national average

Answer 71

300%

Question 72

Is there a genetic component in depression?

Answer 72

yes

Question 73

What is the number 2 disabling diseases of westernized countries?

Answer 73

severe depressed mood and impaired functioning

Question 74

What is the definition of depression?

Answer 74

5 or more symptoms of 2+ weeks (depressed mood, decreased energy, sleep and appetite changes, memory/concentration changes, thought of death/suicide, guilt, decreased interests, tearfulness)

Question 75

What is the cause of depression?

Answer 75

neurotransmitter structural functional

Question 76

What happens to your blood flow in depression?

Answer 76

in increases to the amygdala (correlates with severity of depression)

Question 77

What moderates negative emotional output fo amygdala?

Answer 77

left prefrontal cortex

Question 78

If your left prefrontal cortex fails what can you get?

Answer 78

depression

Question 79

What happens if you have a left prefrontal cortex?

Answer 79

“Peppy” L PFC: extraversion Levels of cortisol are lower Less reactive to stressors Individual differences measured in infants, adults

Question 80

What happens if you have a low level of L PFC function?

Answer 80

You will be sad

Question 81

What am I talking about: Smaller volume of ventral anterior cingulate in depressed patients (40% smaller) on PET scans with less blood flow Blood flow normalizes with treatment of depression Smaller volume may be related to loss of glial cells cell loss from toxic cortisol levels secondary to stress

Answer 81

characteristics of the left prefrontal cortex in depressed pt's

Question 82

Animals experiencing repeat stress can result in shrinking of (blank)

Answer 82

hippocampus

Question 83

(blank) may shrink in people with recurrent depression

Answer 83

hippocampus

Question 84

hippocampal cell loss may lead to (blank) decline

Answer 84

cognitive

Question 85

Since you can get hippocampul degeneration which will result in depression, how can you get get this dysregulation?

Answer 85

following significant childhood adversity or long term excess cortisol exposure

Question 86

Stress decreased (blank) in hippocampus (could contribute to atrophy and decreased functioning of neurons)

Answer 86

BDNF

Question 87

emotional responses mediated by (blank) and (Blank)

Answer 87

hypothalamus and limbic structures

Question 88

(blank) may lead to disturbed behaviors and emotions

Answer 88

injuries

Question 89

Depression and addiction are (blank) diseases

Answer 89

brain

Question 90

Environment interacts with (blank)

Answer 90

genome

Question 91

What all makes up the limbic system?

Answer 91

hippocampus, amygdala, and nucleus accumbens

Question 92

T/F: more empathic doctors are more effective, allowing patients to heal faster, become more adherent, and increase the effectiveness of substance abuse therapy

Answer 92

T

Question 93

T/F: Student levels of empathy have been proven to fall as they pass through medical school

Answer 93

T