Anatomy Lecture Deck 1 Flashcards
(485 cards)
1
Q
This analyzes the internal structure of cells
A
cytology
2
Q
this examines tissues
A
histology
3
Q
this anatomy considers structures not able to be seen with the naked eye
A
microscopic
4
Q
this anatomy considers large structures able to be seen by the human eye
A
gross or macroscopic
5
Q
this anatomy refers to the study of general form and superficial anatomical markings
A
surface
6
Q
the general form of anatomical markings
A
morphology
7
Q
This anatomy considers all of the superficial and internal features in a specific area of the body
A
regional
8
Q
this anatomy considers the structure of major organ systems such as the skeletal system
A
systemic
9
Q
the strongest type of microscope
A
transmission electron microscope
10
Q
a decision about the nature of an illness
A
diagnosis
11
Q
Eleven organ systems
A
integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphoid, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
12
Q
The legs are blank, the arms are blank, and the palms are blank in the standard anatomical position
A
together, at the sides, facing forward
13
Q
a person lying down and face up in the anatomical position is blank
A
supine
14
Q
a person laying down and face down in the anatomical position is blank
A
prone
15
Q
area of head
A
cephalic
16
Q
area of neck
A
cervical
17
Q
area of chest
A
thoracic
18
Q
segment of the upper limb closest to the trunk; the arm
A
brachial
19
Q
the forearm
A
antebrachial
20
Q
the wrist
A
carpal
21
Q
the hand
A
manual
22
Q
the pelvis
A
pelvic
23
Q
the anterior pelvis
A
pubic
24
Q
the groin
A
inguinal
25
the lower back
lumbar
26
the buttock
gluteal
27
the thigh
femoral
28
the kneecap
patellar
29
the leg, from knee to ankle
crural
30
the calf
sural
31
the ankle
tarsal
32
the foot
pedal
33
sole region of foot
plantar
34
the front; before
anterior
35
the belly side (equivalent to anterior when referring to the human body)
ventral
36
the back; behind
posterior
37
the back (equivalent to posterior when referring to human body)
dorsal
38
toward the head
cranial
39
same as cranial
cephalic
40
above; at a higher level (in human body, toward the head)
superior
41
toward the tail (coccyx in humans)
caudal
42
below; at a lower level; toward the feet
inferior
43
toward the midline (the longitudinal axis of the body)
medial
44
away from the midline (the longitudinal axis of the body)
lateral
45
toward an attached base
proximal
46
away from an attached base
distal
47
at, near, or close to the body surface
superficial
48
toward the interior of the body; farther from the surface
deep
49
profile view is the blank plane
sagittal
50
front view is the blank plane
frontal
51
looking down upon view is the blank plane
transverse
52
a dome shaped muscular sheet that separates the ventral body cavity into a superior thoracic cavity and and inferior abodminopelvic cavity
diaphragm
53
The main body cavity (coelom) of a human
ventral
54
the ventral body cavity is separated by the blank
diaphragm
55
the ventral body cavity is separated into the blank and blank cavities
thoracic, abdominopelvic
56
the thoracic cavity is divided into these three cavities
right/left pleural, mediastinum
57
the mediastinum contains the blank cavity
pericardial
58
the abdominopelvic cavity includes these two cavities
abdominal, pelvic
59
cavity that provides protection, allows organ movement, and lining prevents friction
ventral
60
cavity that is surrounded by chest wall and diaphragm
thoracic
61
cavity that contains the peritoneal cavity
abdominopelvic
62
cavity that surrounds the right lung
right pleural
63
cavity that surrounds the left lung
left pleural
64
cavity that contains the trachea, esophagus, and major vessels
mediastinum
65
cavity that surrounds the heart
pericardial
66
cavity that contains many digestive glands and organs
abdominal
67
cavity that contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, last portion of digestive tract
pelvic cavity
68
many tissues make up a blank
organ
69
tissues are made of similar types of blank
cells
70
Four primary types of tissues
epithelial, connective, muscle, neural
71
three characteristics of epithelial tissue
regeneration, polarity, covers all body surfaces, cellularity, attachment, avascularity
72
do blood vessels run through epithelial tissue?
no
73
three functions of epithelial tissue
physical protection, control permeability, sensation, secretions
74
glandular products are made from blank tissue
epithelial
75
There is blank space between epithelial cells
little
76
there is no blank matrix in epithelial tissue
intercellular
77
nutrients are usually supplied through blood in the underlying tissue underneath blank tissue
epithelial
78
The polar sides of epithelial tissue are...
basal, lateral, apical
79
basal side grows off a basal blank
lamina
80
lateral side contacts blank cells and cell blanks
adjacent, junctions
81
apical side is exposed to blank and has these two specializations
lumen... microvilli, cilia
82
basal lamina is also known as
basement membrane
83
lamina lucida means blank
clear layer
84
lamina densa means blank
dense layer
85
three types of classification of epithelial tissue
simple, pseudostratified, stratified
86
function is secretion and absorption epithelial tissue
simple
87
epithelial tissue whose function is protection
stratified
88
single layer of cells epithelial tissue
simple
89
single layer of cells that look stratified
pseudostratified epithelial tissue
90
two or more layers of epithelial tissue
stratified
91
four shapes of epithelial tissue
squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional
92
cells are flattened in this epithelial tissue shape
squamous
93
cells are usually cube shaped or hexagons epithelial shape
cuboidal
94
tall and cylindrical cells epithelial shape
columnar
95
shape changes in this shape of epithelial tissue
transitional
96
any type of epithelium has blank names
two... ex) simple squamous
97
structure is one layer, thin, flat, irregular
simple squamous
98
function is absorption, diffusion, reduce friction
simple squamous
99
location of simple squamous
blood vessels, lungs, kidney tubules, serous membranes
100
structure is one layer, hexagonal box shaped cells
simple cuboidal
101
function is absorption, secretion, limited protection
simple cuboidal
102
location of simple cuboidal
glands, ducts, kidney tubules
103
structure is one layer, hexagonal column shaped cells
simple columnar
104
function is protection, absorption, secretion
simple columnar
105
location of simple columnar
stomach, intestine, gall bladder, uterine tubes
106
structure is one layer, multi shaped cells with nuclei at varied heights
pseudostratified columnar
107
function is protection and secretion
pseudostratified columnar
108
location of pseudostratified columnar
male urinary tracts
109
structure is thin, flat, irregular, multiple layer cells
stratified squamous
110
function is protection against frequent abrasion
stratified squamous
111
location of stratified squamous
skin, mouth, throat, esophagus, rectum, anus, vagina
112
structure is multiple layered, hexagonal shaped boxes
stratified cuboidal
113
function is secretion
stratified cuboidal
114
location of stratified cuboidal
some ducts
115
structure is multiple layers, hexagonal column shaped cells
stratified columnar
116
function is protection and secretion
stratified columnar
117
location of stratified columnar
pharynx, anus
118
strucuture is multiple layers and can change shape
transitional
119
function is expansion and recoil without tearing
transitional
120
location of transitional
urinary bladder, renal pelvis
121
females urinate blank than males
more
122
several glandular epithelial cells put together equals
gland
123
two types of glands
exocrine, endocrine
124
gland that secretes products into ducts that open on a surface
exocrine
125
gland that secretes products into tissue fluid or blood
endocrine
126
two types of exocrine glands
unicellular, multicellular
127
single cell and goblet cell are blank exocrine glands
unicellular
128
secretory sheets, simple, and compound exocrine glands are blank
multicellular
129
two types of multicellular exocrine glands
simple, compound
130
one large sheer covering a surface and rarely have ducts or pockets and is an exocrine multicellular gland
secretory sheets
131
have one distinct duct and can be tubular, coiled or alveolar and is multicellular exocrine gland
simple
132
a multicellular exocrine gland that has many distinct ducts and can be tubular, coiled, or alveolar
compound
133
three types of exocrine glands
merocrine, apocrine, holocrine
134
exocrine gland that secrete products by exocytosis. ex salivary gland
merocrine
135
vesicles within cytoplasm bring product to the surface
exocytosis
136
exocrine gland that pinches off of cell portion and the product is within this portion. ex. mammary glands
apocrine
137
exocrine gland that product accumulates in cytosol and cell ruptures and becomes the product. ex. sebaceous glands
holocrine glands
138
three traits of connective tissue
most abundant, multiple functions, spread apart, able to reproduce, well nourished, vary in structure
139
connective tissue blank occur on free surface
does not
140
cartilage and tendons are unlike other connective tissue because it does not have blank
good nerve/ blood supply
141
all connective tissue is derived from blank cells
mesenchymal cells
142
stem cells that differentiate into the multitude of cell types in all connective tissue
mesenchymal cells
143
this is secreted by cells, has protein fibers and ground substance
extracellular matrix
144
connective tissue is composed of these two things
extracellular matrix, cells
145
connective tissue blank produce the matrix
cells
146
cells rarely blank due to the extracellular matrix
touch
147
three functions of connective tissue
bind structures, support, protection, fill spaces, store fat, produce blood, repair damage, protect against infection, transport fluids & dissolved materials
148
connective tissue with cells and fibers in gel like ground substance
connective tissue proper
149
two types of connective tissue proper
loose, dense
150
connective tissue proper that is areolar, adipose, reticular
loose
151
connective tissue proper that is regular, irregular, elastic
dense
152
produce protein fibers in connective tissue proper
fibroblasts
153
white blood cells that consume damaged cells and invaders in connective tissue proper
fixed macrophages
154
fat cells in connective tissue proper
adipocytes
155
produce melanin in connective tissue proper
melanocytes
156
wandering type of defense
free macrophages
157
connective tissue proper that makes up 25 percent of protein in body and is resistant to pull
collagen fibers
158
collagen is found in bone, blank, blank, and blank
cartilage, tendons, ligaments
159
connective tissue proper that is smaller in diameter than fibers of collagen and is rubbery and can stretch 1.5 times it size
elastic fibers
160
elastic fibers are formed from the proteins blank and blank
elastin, fibrillin
161
elastic fibers are found in the blank blank and blank
lungs, blood vessels, skin
162
connective tissue proper that is thin, branched fibers that form framework of organs
reticular fibers
163
reticular fibers are formed from protein blank as well
collagen
164
reticular fibers are found in the blank and blank
spleen, lymph nodes
165
connective tissue that has a loosely arranged structure, mast cells, macrophages, fibrocytes, adipocytes
areolar
166
function of areolar ct is to hold blank to underlying blank
skin, organs
167
areolar ct is found in these three tracts
digestive, respiratory, urinary
168
areolar ct is found almost blank
everywhere
169
structure is mostly adipocytes and is a connective tissue
adipose
170
the function of adipose ct is to cushion blank, store blank and blank
joints, energy, heat
171
location of adipose ct
between muscles, behind eye, joints
172
connective tissue that has a structure with fibroblasts, reticular fibers in a 3d web
reticular
173
function is to support tissue in walls of organs and is a connective tissue
reticular
174
reticular ct is found in lymphoid blanks
organs
175
connective tissue that has many collagen fibers densely packed, parallel, little open space
dense regular
176
function of this ct is to reinforce structures in one direction
dense regular ct
177
tendons and ligaments have this ct
dense regular
178
structure of this ct is the same as regular dense ct except no pattern
dense irregular
179
dermis, joint capsules have this connective tissue
dense irregular
180
dense irregular ct is stronger blank than dense regular
all around
181
dense irregular tissue is blank than dense regular in the one certain direction
weaker
182
connective tissue that has elastic fibers in parallel strands or branched networks
elastic
183
ct located between vertebrae, walls of hollow organs
elastic
184
function of elastic ct is to provide blank
elasticity
185
a major artery that has elastic connective tissue
aorta
186
two types of fluid connective tissue
blood, lymph
187
connective tissue with a liquid matrix
blood
188
liquid matrix of blood
plasma
189
three types of cells in blood
red, white, platelets
190
blood provides blank and blank functions
clotting, immune
191
interstitial fluid being transported in lymphatic vessels and is connective tissue
lymph
192
this connective tissue provides a framework that supports the rest of the body
supporting
193
two types of supporting connective tissue
cartilage, bone
194
blank are made of epithelial and connective tissue
membranes
195
these form barriers and cover/protect
membranes
196
type of membrane that lines passageways open to exterior
mucous
197
mucous membranes contain blank tissue
areolar
198
there are blank cells in mucous membranes
goblet
199
membrane type that has simple squamous mesothelium and secretes watery fluid
serous
200
serous membrane surrounds most blanks
organs
201
membrane made of transudete, mesothelium and areolar tissue
serous
202
this is cutaneous membrane
skin
203
thickest and strongest membrane in body
skin
204
membrane made of epithelium, areolar tissue, dense irregular ct
cutaneous
205
membrane type that is in joint cavities and lubricates them
synovial
206
synovial membranes promotes blank movement
smooth
207
the three fascia of connective tissue
superficial, deep, subserous
208
fascia with areolar and adipose tissue
superficial
209
fascia with dense ct, binds to tendons and ligaments
deep
210
fascia with areolar ct and binds to serous membrane
subserous
211
this tissue is contractile, elastic, extensible, and excitable
muscle
212
type of muscle tissue that has a large cylindrical structure, is multinucleated, striated, and has satellite cells
skeletal
213
function of this muscle tissue is control of skeleton and heat generation
skeletal
214
muscle tissue that is unicellular, branched, striated, involuntary
cardiac
215
muscle tissue that has a short tapered cell structure, uninucleated, not striated, involuntary, can divide and regenerate
smooth
216
this muscle tissue lines tracts and hollow organs
smooth
217
function is to control respiratory, digestive, and circulatory
smooth muscles
218
two cell types of nervous tissue
neurons, neuroglia
219
nervous tissue that transmit impulses for cell communication
neurons
220
nervous tissue that is for support, nourish, and protect neurons
neuroglia
221
2 components of integumentary system
cutaneous membrane, accessory structures
222
2 parts of cutaneous membrane
epidermis, dermis
223
hair nails and glands are part of the blank component of integ system
accessory structures
224
Three functions of integ system
protect deeper tissues, aid in heat regulation, make vitamin d, aid in excretion of urea and uric acid
225
stratified squamous epithelium makes up the blank
epidermis
226
epidermis lacks blank
blood vessels
227
outer most layers of epidermis are blank
dead
228
four cell types of epidermis
keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhan, merkel
229
90 percent of epidermal cells and they provide protection
keratinocytes
230
8 percent of epidermal cells
melanocytes
231
epidermal cell type formed from bone marrow and is part of immune response
langerhan cells
232
epidermal cell type that is in the deepest layer and form touch receptor with sensory neuron
merkel cells
233
stem cells divide to produce blank at the basal blank
keratinocytes, lamina
234
keratinocytes slowly blank when pushed up toward the surface
die
235
keratinization takes this long unless removed by abrasion
4 weeks
236
5 layers of epidermis
stratum germinativumstratum spinosumstratum granulosumstratum lucidumstratum corneum
237
Deepest single layer of cells
stratum germinativum
238
Cells attached to each other & to basal lamina by these two things in stratum germinativum
desmosomes, hemidesmosomes
239
8 to 10 cell layers held together by desmosomesDuring slide preparation, cells shrink and look spiny
stratum spinosum
240
3 - 5 layers of flat dying cells Show nuclear degeneration
stratum granulosum
241
stratum granulosum contain dark staining blank granules that release lipid that repels water
keratohyalin
242
Seen in thick skin on palms & soles of feet only Three to five layers of clear, flat, dead cells
stratum lucidum
243
25 to 30 layers of flat dead cells filled with keratin and surrounded by lipids
stratum corneum
244
stratum corneum cells are continuously blank
shed
245
friction of stratum corneum stimulates blank
callus formation
246
Palmer & planter surfaceAbout 30 layers of S. corneumAll 5 layers
thick skin
247
Rest of body surfacesFewer layers of S. corneumNo S. lucidum
thin skin
248
forms ridges that extend into the dermis
stratum germinativum
249
blank yolk means good chicke, blank yolk means bad chicken
orange, yellow
250
these increase area of contact for better grip
epidermal ridges
251
this is produced in the epidermis by these cells
melanin, melanocytes
252
everyone has the same blank melanocytes but blank amounts of pigment produced
number, different
253
melanin production is in response to blank hormone
melanocyte stimulating
254
blank in sunlight increases melanin production
uv
255
melanocytes convert blank to blank
tyrosine, melanin
256
two types of melanin
eumelanin, pheomelanin
257
there are blank types of melanin
several
258
brown or black melanin
eumelanin
259
red brown melanin
pheomelanin
260
freckles or liver spots means there are melanocytes blank
in a patch
261
benign melanocytes make up a blank aka blank
nevus, mole
262
inherited lack of tyrosinase
albinism
263
yellow orange pigment that can be in the dermis
carotene
264
carotene is found in the blank and blank
stratum corneum, subcutaneous
265
carotene and blank are pigments
hemoglobin
266
red oxygen carrying pigment in blood cells
hemoglobin
267
the dermis has these two layers
papillary, reticular
268
there is blank connective tissue in papillary layer
areolar ct
269
there are blank in the papillary layer
dermal papillae and capillaries and neurons
270
layer of dermis that is the anchoring layer with large vessels, adipocytes, and nerves
reticular
271
the connective tissue in reticular layer
dense irregular
272
Network of arteries & veins supplying skinIn subcutaneous layer
cutaneous plexus
273
Follows epidermal/dermal boundaryHelps nourish epidermal layer
papillary plexus
274
Weight gain causes fibers to stretch; they loose elasticity & break which causes
stretch marks
275
more weight loss means blank stretch marks
more
276
this is also called the superficial fascia / subcutaneous layer
hypodermis
277
hypodermis has these two connective tissues
areolar, adipose
278
adipose acts as a blank in hypodermis
insulator
279
hypodermis blanks skin
stabilizes
280
three parts that hair is not on
lips, eyelids, plantar, palmar, parts of digits
281
hair number is blank at birth
fixed
282
three types of hair
vellus, terminal, intermediate
283
peach fuzz hair
vellus
284
thicker and darker pigment type of hair
terminal
285
hair on your arms type
intermediate
286
types of hair on different location blank
varies
287
each hair is made up of these three things
shaft, root, bulb
288
base of follicle is
bulb
289
which penetrates into the dermis
root
290
which mostly projects above the surface of the skin
shaft
291
each hair consists of these three things
cuticle, cortex, medulla
292
hair is made of blank cells
dead keratinized epidermal
293
blank which surrounds the root of hair
hair follicle
294
has Sensory nerves surrounding follicleDetect hair movement
root hair plexus
295
Smooth muscleMoves hair‘goose bumps’
arrector pili
296
lasts from 2 to 6 years depending on the body part matrix cells at base of hair root producing length
anagen stage
297
lasts up to 2 weeksmatrix cells inactive & follicle atrophies
catagen stage
298
three stages of hair growth
anagen, catagen, telogen
299
Hair follicale remains dormanthair is eventually pushed out by new hair as cycle renews
telogen stage
300
result of melanin produced in melanocytes in hair bulb
hair color
301
Brown/black hair contains large amounts of
eumelanin
302
Blonde hair results from little
eumelanin
303
Red hair has high relative
pheomelanin
304
blank hair is result of decline of all melanin production
gray
305
four exocrine glands found in the dermis
sebaceous, sudoriferous, ceruminous, mammary
306
sebaceous glands secrete blank by holocrine secretion
sebum
307
sebum decreases blank and decreases bacterial growth
evaporation, bacterial growth
308
2 types of sebaceous glands
with hair, without hair
309
with hair, sebum is released into blank
follicle
310
without hair, sebum is secreted onto blank
epidermis
311
skin itches because it is being blank
eaten
312
2 types of sudoriferous glands
apocrine, merocrine
313
sweat glands and are coiled/tubular
sudoriferous
314
sweat gland that is on most body surfaces and is the greatest on the palm and not associated with hair follicle
merocrine sweat glands
315
watery secretion of merocrine glands
sensible perspiration
316
sweat glands that are associated with hair follicle and located in axillae and groin
apocrine
317
produces viscous secretion starting at puberty and reduces friction
apocrine
318
apocrine glands secrete blank which causes smell
pheromones
319
two modified apocrine sweat glands
mammary, ceruminous
320
ceruminous glands are in the blank
external ear
321
secretion of ceruminous glands mixes with sebum to create this
ear wax
322
keratinized, plate like structure
nail body
323
four parts of nails
body, bed, root, lunula
324
surface of skin that covers nail body
nail bed
325
source of nail production
nail root
326
whitish, half moon region at base of nail plate
lunula
327
tissue damage and cell death caused by heat electricity, uv, or chemicals
burns
328
type of burn that the skin is red and swollen. epidermal damage
first degree
329
type of burn with red skin, blisters, epidermis and upper dermis damaged
second degree
330
gray, white, black, destroys entire layer
third degree
331
burns are considered if over 25 percent of body has blank degree burn or if 10 percent of body has blank burn
second degree, third degree
332
three effects of aging
drying of epidermis, reduced blood supply, less hair
333
how many bones
206
334
2 divisions of skeletal system
axial, appendicular
335
2 types of bone tissue
compact, spongy
336
dense smooth bone
compact
337
bone with open spaces within
spongy
338
skeleton makes up blank percent of body mass
20
339
four components of skeletal system
ligaments, tendons, bone, cartilage
340
three functions of skeletal system
support, movement, storage, blood cell production, protection
341
cartilage has a blank and blank
cells, extracellular matrix
342
these are found in compartments called lucunae in cartilage cells
chondrocytes
343
collagen and elastic fibers are in the blank
extracellular matrix
344
this is the ground substance of chondroitin sulfates
extracellular matrix
345
no arteries, veins, or lymphocytes in blank
cartilage
346
three types of cartilage
hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
347
cartilage heals blank
slowly
348
cartilage that is the most common but is the weakest
hyaline
349
structure of this cartilage is chondrocytes, chondroitin sulfate, some collage, water
hyaline
350
location of this cartilage is in the embryonic skeleton, articular surfaces, respiratory passages, nasal septum, between ribs and sternum
hyaline
351
structure of this flexible cartilage is in chondrocytes, intermediate amount of chondroitin sulfate, densely packed elastic fibers
elastic
352
location of this cartilage is in auricle, tip and lateral walls of nose, epiglottis
elastic
353
structure of this cartilage is chondroctyes, small amount of chondroitin sulfate, densely packed collagen fibers
fibrocartilage
354
very strong cartilage
fibrocartilage
355
location of this cartilage is in intervertebral disc, interpubic disc, articular cartilage in knee
fibrocartilage
356
fibrous connective tissue that surrounds cartilage
perichondrium
357
the perichondrium provides support and protection and makes new blank
chondrocytes
358
two layers of perichondrium
inner, outer
359
layer of perichondrium that binds to cartilage and provides support and protection
outer
360
layer of perichondrium that has the matrix
inner
361
this starts in the perichondrium and allows the perichondrium to grow
appositional growht
362
chondroblasts secrete blank
matrix
363
chondroblasts enclosed in the matrix become blank
chondrocytes
364
growth where chondrocytes are enclosed in matrix and divide
interstitial growth
365
matrix forms between chondrocytes and this is the growth of cartilage from within
interstitial growth
366
supportive connective tissue that contains specialized cells and has a solid extracellular matrix
osseous tissue
367
an organic portion of protein fibers in osseous tissue
osteoid
368
the ground substance of osseous tissue
calcium salts / water
369
bone is produced by these cells (first stage)
osteoprogenitor
370
bone is created by these cells (stage that does something)
osteoblasts
371
derived from osteogenic cells and secrete osteoid, and is the predecessor to osteocytes
osteoblasts
372
increased osteoblast activity =
stronger bone
373
mature cells that exist within matrix and maintain Ca and PO4 homeostasis
osteocytes
374
osteocytes are found in spaces called blank
lacunae
375
blank is how osteocytes get oxygen, get nutrients, and communicate
canaliculi
376
chain of bone formation
osteoprogenitor, osteoblasts, osteocytes, osteoclasts (not same cell)
377
these are involved in bone cycle and are white blood cell derived
osteoclasts
378
osteoclasts are involved in blank
osteolysis
379
more osteoclast production =
weaker bone
380
osteoclasts are very blank
large
381
bone matrix is made up of these two things
osteoid, inorganic materials
382
makes up 65 percent of bone matrix and are brittle salts
inorganic materials
383
three inorganic materials that make up bone matrix
hydroxyapatite, calcium carbonate, ions
384
organic part of bone matrix and makes up 35 percent
osteoid
385
three fibers that make up osteoid of bone matrix
collagen, glycoproteins, proteoglycans
386
the result of bone matrix is both blank and blank
strong, flexible
387
two types of bone
compact, spongy
388
compact bone is arranged in blank
osteons
389
spongy bones are arranged in blank
trabeculae
390
these connect one cell to the next cell in compact bone osteocytes
canaliculi
391
in the center of each osteon is a blank
blood vessel
392
concentric blank of matrix surrounding a central blank canal
lamellae, haversian
393
osteons are connected to each other by blank canals
perforating
394
three types of lamellae
concentric, interstitial, circumferential
395
layers of bone surrounding the central canal and make up osteons
concentric lamellae
396
lamellae that is found between the osteons and represent older osteons partially removed during tissue remodeling
interstitial
397
lamellae that surrounds the compact bone and is produced by the blank
circumferential, periosteum
398
spongy bones can also be called blank
cancellous
399
contains trabeculae, canaliculi, matrix, and osteocytes
spongy bone
400
spongy bone does not have these two things
osteons, central canal
401
spongy bone is mostly on the blank of the bone
ends
402
blank is made of bone and is in spongy bone but is not an osteon. It has lamellae, canaliculi, but not a central canal
trabeculae
403
latticework of thin plates of bone oriented a long lines of stress
trabeculae
404
spaces of trabeculae are filled with blank where blood cells develop
red marrow
405
these lighten the bone and allows for movement
trabeculae
406
trabeculae have blank instead of blank
red marrow, blood vessels
407
this encloses bone and is absent at the site of attachment of muscles, tendons and ligaments
periosteum
408
two layers of periodsteum
outer fibrous, inner
409
layer of periosteum that gives rise to collagen
outer fibrous
410
layer of periosteum that is for growth or new cells and maintenance
inner
411
1 cell layer and covers surfaces of spongy bone and medullary cavity
endosteum
412
three types of cells in endosteum
osteogenic, osteoblasts, osteoclasts
413
shaft of long bone
diaphysis
414
one end of a long bone
epiphysis
415
growth plate region of long bone
metaphysis
416
over joint surfaces, acts as friction and shock absorber of a long bone
articular cartilage
417
marrow cavity of a long bone
medullary cavity
418
bone marrow that is areolar and adipose connective tissue and is absent in infants and is for energy storage
yellow
419
bone marrow that is areolar and myeloid tissue and produces blood cells
red marrow
420
supply periosteum with blood
periosteal arteries
421
these enter through nutrient foramen and supplies compact bone of diaphysis and yellow marrow with blood
nutrient arteries
422
supply red marrow and bone tissue of epiphyses and metaphyses with blood
metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries
423
each artery supply of bone also has a corresponding blank
vein
424
replacing connective tissue with bone
ossification
425
mesenchymal cells growing into spongy bone is called blank growth
intramembranous
426
hyaline cartilage grows into spongy bone in this growth
endochondral
427
this ossification begins at week 8 in embryo and is mostly finished by week 15
intramembranous
428
this forms the cranial flat bones, facial bones, dentary bones, clavicle, and sesmoid bones
intramembranous ossification
429
location where bone growth begins
primary ossification center
430
these cells arrange around blood vessels
mesenchymal
431
bone blank proteins are released after mesencyhmal cells arrange
morphogenic
432
mesenchymal cells turn into blank
osteoblasts
433
osteoblasts secrete blank
osteoid
434
osteoblasts become isolated which forms blank
osteocytes
435
mesenchymal cells at surface form inner layer of blank
periosteum
436
calcified matrix is degraded by blank to form blank bone
osteoclasts, spongy
437
end result of intramembranous ossification
spongy bone with a thin layer of compact bone
438
ossification where bone replaces a cartilage model
endochondral
439
this begins at week 7 of embryo and continues to adulthood
endochondral ossifiction
440
this forms long bones, many short bones, non cranial irregular and flate bones, middle ear ossicles
endochondral ossification
441
blank cartilage forms model of future bone
hyaline
442
in endochondral ossification, cells differentiate into blank
osteoblasts
443
in endochondral ossification, compact bone forms around the blank
diaphysis
444
spongy bone forms in the center of the model at the blank
primary ossification center
445
in endochondral ossification, the shaft is blank
remodeled
446
two types of cartilage that remain from endochondral ossification
articular, epiphyseal plate
447
the growth plate
epiphyseal plate
448
contact points of bone at joints has this cartilage
articular cartilage
449
bone growth, or elongation occurs at the blank
epiphyseal plate
450
growth in length continues until blank ossification center meet
2
451
the relative thickness of epiphyseal plate does not change until growth is almost blank
complete
452
cartilage depleted and epiphyseal plate narrows into the blank
epiphyseal
453
compact bone is deposited beneath periosteum and bone thickens in this growth
appositional growth
454
bone remodeling occurs blank life in appositional growth
throughout
455
bone remodeling is done by blank and blank
osteoclasts, osteoblasts
456
three types of bone
long, flat, sesamoid
457
longer length than width bones
long bones
458
bones that are thin and compact
flat bones
459
small bones in tendons that protect from wear and tear
sesamoid bones
460
three more types of bones
irregular, sutural, short
461
bone with complex shapes and difficult to categorize
irregular
462
bones that grow between sutures
sutural bone
463
cube shaped bones that have equal length and width
short bones
464
this is when osteoclasts carve out small tunnels and osteoblasts rebuild osteons
bone remodeling
465
blank percent of compact bone is remodeled each year
4
466
blank percent of spongy bone is remodeled per year
20
467
blank is fully remodeled every four months
distal femur
468
blank break does not penetrate skin
simple
469
blank break penetrates skin
compound
470
how the ankle fractures
pott's fracture
471
transverse fracture breaks on a blank
slant
472
fracture that splinters
greenstick fracture
473
fractures where the bone gets pushed out of place
epiphyseal fracture
474
fracture of spine where vertebra crush each other
compression fracture
475
fractures are treated by blank and blank
reduction, immobilization
476
a blank forms within hours of the injury and it is a mass of blood
fracture hematoma
477
blank and eliminate dead cells and matrix
osteoclasts
478
this consists of a mass bridging the broken ends of the bone after about 3 weeks
fibrocartilaginous callus
479
a blank forms after about 3 to 4 months after breaking bone
bony callus
480
a well healed fracture is blank
undetectable
481
bone remodeling can take blank to blank depending on the severity of the fracture
weeks, months
482
three factors affecting growth repair and development of bone
vitamin d, sunlight, balance hormones, physical stress
483
abnormal reduction of bone mass
osteoporosis
484
osteoporosis causes blank in bones
holes
485
fibrodysplasia is when the fibrous tissue becomes blank
ossified
