Anatomy Lecture Deck 3 Flashcards
(482 cards)
1
Q
regions where nerve plexuses are found
A
cervical, lumbar, sacral
2
Q
most blank nerves are all isolated
A
thoracic
3
Q
the cervical plexus goes through blank and blank and part of blank
A
c1-c4, c5
4
Q
cervical plexus is not the only blank that goes through the cervical blank
A
plexus, vertebrae
5
Q
plexus that innervates certain muscles of neck and torso
A
cervical plexus
6
Q
nerve of cervical plexus that goes to the diaphragm
A
phrenic nerve
7
Q
the phrenic nerve goes through blank blank and blank
A
c3, c4, c5
8
Q
other plexus that comes off the cervical vertebrae
A
brachial plexus
9
Q
brachial plexus goes through these vertebrae
A
c4-c8 and t1
10
Q
innervates the chest, upper back, and arm
A
brachial plexus
11
Q
structure of brachial plexus that goes to anterior muscles of arms and skin of forearm
A
musculocutaneous
12
Q
structure of brachial plexus that goes to muscles of forearm, hands, and skin of hands
A
ulnar nerve
13
Q
brachial plexus structure that is the same function as the ulnar nerve
A
medial nerve
14
Q
structure of the brachial plexus that goes to posterior muscles of arms and skin of forearms and hands
A
radial nerve
15
Q
last thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves make up this plexus
A
lumbosacral plexus
16
Q
lumbosacral plexus may be split into blank and blank plexuses
A
lumbar, sacral
17
Q
innnervate the lower limb regions
A
lumbosacral plexus
18
Q
lumbosacral plexus structure that goes to adductors of leg
A
obturator nerve
19
Q
lumbosacral plexus structure that sends motor impulses to leg and thigh and receives sensory from skin of leg and thigh
A
femoral nerve
20
Q
lumbosacral plexus structure that goes to muscles and skin in thighs, legs, and feet
A
sciatic nerve
21
Q
rapid automatic involuntary motor response to stimuli
A
reflex
22
Q
reflexes help preserve blank
A
homeostasis
23
Q
reflexes occur at blank or blank
A
spinal cord, brain stem
24
Q
reflexes do not require blank processing
A
cerebral
25
reflexes can be blank by cerebral control
modified
26
four classifications of reflexes
by development, site of processing, nature of motor response, complexity of circuit
27
classification of reflex that is genetic or learned
by development
28
this means built in
genetically
29
means acquired through repetition and/or experience
learned
30
birds have a genetic reflex to be afraid of blank
snakes
31
classification of reflexes that are spinal or cranial
site of processing
32
classification of reflexes that are somatic or visceral
nature of motor response
33
influences the skeletal muscle system
somatic
34
influences the involuntary systems such as smooth muscle and glands
visceral
35
the production of adrenaline reflex
visceral
36
classification of reflex that may be monosynaptic or polysynaptic
complexity of neural circuit
37
1 synapse
monosynaptic
38
two or more synapses
polysynaptic
39
boxing reflexes are blank
polysynaptic
40
first step of a reflex arc, the blank is stimulated by a detectable environmental blank
receptor, stimulus
41
second step of reflex arc, the blank stimulates a blank neuron that sends a signal to the blank for processing
Receptor, sensory, CNS
42
in step three of the reflex arc, the blank from sensory neuron to another neuron
transmission
43
in the fourth and fifth steps of a reflex arc, a blank is stimulated and sends a signal to a blank
motor neuron, effector
44
a reflex stimulated by the stretching of a muscle
stretch reflex
45
blank are receptors that detect stretching
muscle spindle fibers
46
the effector is the blank of the muscle in a stretch reflex
contraction
47
the blank reflex is a stretch reflex
patellar
48
the function of the patellar reflex is to prevent muscles from being blank and prevent one from falling blank
overstretched, forward
49
a patellar reflex falls into what classifications
innate, somatic, monosynaptic, spinal
50
regions of the brain
cerebrum, diencephalon, mesencephalon, cerebellum, pons, medulla oblongata
51
unconscious coordination of the brain
cerebellum
52
region of brain that controls rhythms and sleep patterns
pons
53
region of the brain that regulates cardio function, respiratory function, digestive function
medulla oblongata
54
the brain has blank similar to spinal cord
meninges
55
outer most layer of the brain and forms the internal blank of the skull
dura mater, periosteum
56
there is no blank in the meninges of the brain
epidura
57
partitions of the dura mater in the brain
falx cerebelli, falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli
58
dura mater partition that separates right and left cerebellar hemispheres
falx cerebelli
59
dura mater partition that separates right and left cerebral hemispheres
falx cerebri
60
dura mater partition that separates lobes of cerebrum from cerebellum
tentorium cerebelli
61
has a blank and blank mater like spinal cord
pia, arachnoid
62
ventricles of the brain are spaces filled with blank
csf
63
there are two blank ventricles of the brain
lateral
64
2 lateral ventricles of brain are connected to the third ventricle by blank
interventricular foramen
65
the blank ventricle of the brain is connected to the fourth ventricle by the blank
third, central canal
66
the blank ventricle connected to central canal of the blank
fourth, spinal cord
67
three functions of cerebrospinal fluid
cushions, transport nutrients, transport wastes, supports brain
68
csf comes from blank
the brain
69
csf is formed in blank in the brain
choroid plexus
70
lobes located in the ventricles of the brain that consist of ependymal cells and permeable capillaries
choroid plexus
71
csf is taken from the blank by blank cells and pooled in the ventricles
blood, ependymal
72
csf moves throughout the entire blank
central nervous system
73
csf moves through blank in the fourth ventricles to blank space
apertures, subarachnoid space
74
csf is around the blank
subarachnoid space
75
csf is reabsorbed in the blank
sagittal sinus
76
large venous tube within the dura mater
sagittal sinus
77
sagittal sinus extends along the midline of the blank
cerebral hemispheres
78
arachnoid extends into sagittal sinus through blank
arachnoid granulation
79
in the sagittal sinus, csf goes back to blank
the blood
80
three functions of cerebrum
interpret sensory impulses, voluntary muscle movements, memory, reasoning process, intelligence, personality
81
cerebrum has two blank
hemispheres
82
two hemispheres of cerebrum are connected by blank
corpus callosum
83
two hemispheres of brain are separated by blank
longitudinal fissure
84
two hemispheres possess ridges (blank) and grooves (blank)
gyri, sulci
85
hemispheres of cerebrum receives blank and generates blank information to the blank side of the body
sensory, motor, opposite
86
hemispheres of cerebrum communicate by the blank
corpus callosum
87
cell somas of the cerebrum are located at outer regions of cerebral blank
lobes
88
cell somas of cerebrum are centralized in masses called blank
basal nuclei
89
cell somas are blank matter
gray
90
myelinated axons are blank matter
white
91
three types of cerebral white matter
commissural fibers, association fibers, projection fibers
92
cerebral white matter that connect corresponding gray areas on different hemispheres
commissural fibers
93
cerebral white matter that connect different parts of same hemisphere
association fibers
94
cerebral white matter that connect cerebrum to lower brain areas
projection fibers
95
these are named after the bone they are found under
cerebral lobes
96
four lobes of cerebrum
parietal, frontal, temporal, occipital
97
one cerebral lobe is blank
deep
98
the deep cerebral lobe
insula
99
cerebral lobes are separated by special blank
sulci
100
three sulci of cerebrum
central, lateral, parieto-occipital
101
cerebral sulcus that separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
central sulcus
102
cerebral sulcus that separates the parietal lobe from the temporal and is the most obvious
lateral sulcus
103
cerebral sulcus that separates the parietal lobe from the occipital
parieto-occipital sulcus
104
region of the cerebrum that deals with conscious motor control of skeletal muscle
primary motor cortex
105
primary motor cortex is blank to central sulcus in the frontal lobe
anterior
106
speech, eye movements, and learned motor skills are driven by this cerebral region
primary motor cortex
107
primary motor cortex is in the blank lobe
frontal
108
this cerebral region is posterior to central sulcus and is in the parietal lobe
primary sensory cortex
109
primary sensory cortex deals with somatic blank information of touch, pain, pressure
sensory
110
this cerebral allows you to monitor the environment consciously
primary sensory cortex
111
this means tiny person
homunculus
112
four sensory cortexes
visual, auditory, olfactory, gustatory
113
sensory cortex in occipital lobe
visual
114
auditory cortex is in the blank lobe
temporal
115
one associated with most large motor or sensory cortexes
association areas
116
four association areas
somatic sensory, somatic motor, visual, auditory
117
association area that you can train in your brain
somatic motor
118
high order integrative regions
cerebral regions
119
cerebral region that is for abstract intellectual function like predictions and problem solving
prefrontal cortex
120
prefrontal cortex controls blank context and blank
emotional, motivation
121
timing is another thing done by the blank
prefrontal cortex
122
a removal of the prefrontal cortex of the brain
prefrontal lobotomy
123
people who have blank or blank have trouble with emotional context
ausberger's, autism
124
cerebral region that regulates breathing and vocalization
broca's speech center
125
broca's speech center works with the blank
general interpretive area
126
cerebral region that is for interpretation of both written and verbal language and detects sentence structure and word linkage
general interpretive area
127
damage to either of the cerebral regions results in some sort of blank
aphasia
128
higher order integrative regions may be different between blank
hemispheres
129
hemisphere that speech, writing, and general interpretive area
categorical
130
hemisphere that is for identification of familiar objects, touch, spatial analysis, and emotional relevance
representational
131
blank people tend to have their categorical hemisphere on the blank and vice versa
right-handed, left
132
masses of gray matter deep in cerebral hemisphere
basal nuclei
133
basal nuclei act as a blank station for motor impulses starting in cerebral cortex and passing to blank and blank
relay, brain stem, spinal cord
134
two basal nuclei
claustrum, lentiform nucleus
135
basal nuclei that focuses visual attention
claustrum
136
basal nuclei that processes unconscious visual info
claustrum
137
basal nuclei that controls and adjusts muscle tone
lentiform nucleus
138
two more basal nuclei
caudate nucleus, amygdaloid nucleus
139
basal nuclei that has a massive head and slender tail
caudate nucleus
140
the caudate nucleus maintains blank and blank of movement
pattern, rhythm
141
basal nuclei that is at the tip of the caudate tail
amygdaloid nucleus
142
amygdaloid nucleus is part of the blank system
limbic
143
four parts of the diencephalon
epithalamus, posterior pituitary gland, thalamus, hypothalamus
144
called the pineal gland and produces melatonin
epithalamus
145
diencephalon part that is central to the cerebrum
thalamus
146
two major blanks of the thalamus
bodies
147
thalamus is part of the blank system
limbic
148
all blank has to go through the thalamus
information
149
thalamus connects blank and blank
basal nuclei, cerebral cortex
150
the thalamus sends blank information to proper location within cerebrum
sensory
151
the hypothalamus is located blank
below thalamus
152
the hypothalamus is above and connected to the posterior blank
pituitary gland
153
hypothalamus does blank control of skeletal muscle
subconscious
154
hypothalamus blank autonomic nervous system
coordinates
155
hypothalamus is the connection between the blank and blank systems
endocrine, nervous
156
the hypothalamus directly produces blank
hormones
157
the hypothalamus produces blank drives
behavioral
158
hypothalamus regulates blank
body temperature
159
hypothalamus controls sleep patterns like blank
circadian rhythms
160
part of the brain that is called the midbrain and connects the brain stem and spinal cord with higher areas
mesencephalon
161
mesencephalon act as blank centers
relay
162
mesencephalon contain blank that connects third and fourth ventricles
cerebral aqueduct
163
parts of the mesencephalon (4)
cerebral peduncles, red nucleus, substantia nigra, corpora quadrigemina
164
part of mesencephalon that contains only blank fibers and no nuclei
connecting, cerebral peduncles
165
part of mesencephalon that is highly vascularized and connects the cerebrum to the cerebellum
red nucleus
166
two things that the red nucleus controls
posture, reflexes
167
part of mesencephalon that controls and integrates the motor output of the basal nuclei
substantia nigra
168
substantia nigra produces blank
dopamine
169
deterioration of the substantia nigra may lead to blank
parkinson's disease
170
loss of control of voluntary motor function
parkinson's disease
171
olfactory cortex is located in the blank lobe
temporal
172
gustatory cortex is located in the blank lobe
insula and frontal
173
part of the mesencephalon that has the superior and inferior colliculi
corpora quadrigemina
174
receives visual input from thalamus in corpora quadrigemina
superior colliculi
175
receives auditory input from medulla in the corpora quadrigemina
inferior colliculi
176
rounded bulge on the underside of the brain stem
pons
177
pons separates blank from blank
midbrain, medulla
178
the pons is made of masses of blank matter and blank fibers
gray, nerve
179
pons blank impulses to and from blank and blank
relays, medulla, cerebrum
180
pons regulates blank
depth of breathing
181
this has two hemispheres and is below the cerebrum
cerebellum
182
two hemispheres of cerebellum are separated by blank and connected by blank
falx cerebelli, vermis
183
the cerebellum is mainly blank matter and is controlled by the blank
white, arbor vitae
184
cerebellum integrates blank information about the blank of body parts
sensory, position
185
cerebellum coordinates blank activities
muscle
186
cerebellum fine tunes blank and blank movements
voluntary, involuntary
187
this is a point of connection for several cranial nerves and goes from the foramen magnum to the pons
medulla oblongata
188
oval swellings of medulla oblongata
olivary nucleus
189
two reflex centers of the medulla oblongata
cardiovascular center, respiratory rhythmicity center
190
reflex center of medulla that adjusts blood flow and heart rate
cardiovascular center
191
reflex center for basic pace of respiratory movements in medulla
respiratory rhythmicity center
192
network of nerve fibers associated with islands of gray matter
reticular formation
193
reticular formation blank areas with fibers in all major tracts
interconnects
194
reticular formation regulates these motor activities
sleep, wakefullness
195
inc activity means
wakefulnesss
196
dec activity means
sleep
197
nuclei and tracts along the border of cerebrum and diencephalon
limbic system
198
three parts of cerebrum are part of the limbic system
limbic lobe, hippocampus, amygdaloid body
199
deep to all other lobes and is part of limbic system
limbic lobe
200
nucleus within limbic lobe
hippocampus
201
the limbic system establishes blank states and related blank drives
emotional, behavioral
202
limbic system links intellectual functions of blank to unconscious functions of blank brain
cortex, lower
203
the limbic system facilitates blank storage
memory
204
there are 12 blank nerves
cranial
205
all cranial nerves originate from the blank except the first pair
brain stem
206
cranial nerve for smell and passes through the blank
olfactory, cribriform plate
207
cranial nerve for vision and passes through the optic blank
vision, foramina
208
cranial nerve that moves the majority of eye muscles
oculomotor
209
cranial nerve that is the smallest pair and controls superior oblique muscles of eye only
trochlear
210
cranial nerve that is the largest and has three branches that controls face, pallet, eye, teeth
trigeminal
211
cranial nerve that controls the lateral rectus eye muscles only and comes from pons
abducens
212
cranial nerve that comes from pons and has taste receptors on tongue and has muscles for facial expression
facial
213
cranial nerve that comes from the auditory nerve from the medulla and has two parts that is sensitive to position of head and is interpreted as hearing
vestibulocochlear
214
cranial nerve that helps swallowing
glossopharyngeal
215
cranial nerve that is from medulla to chest and abdomen and is for speech and swallowing and controls the heart, lungs, esophagus (viscerals)
vagus
216
cranial nerve with two branches that controls musculature of throat
accessory
217
cranial nerve that also controls tongue and neck musculature and near chin
hypoglossal
218
the connective tissue layer that surrounds individual muscle fascicles is the blank
perimysium
219
what is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum
the storage of calcium ions
220
Wallerian degeneration forms a blank where an axon grows
hollow tube
221
True or false, muscle fibers or glands may occur postsynaptic
TRUE
222
inserting a needle between L1 and L2 instead of L3 and L4 would impale blank
conus medularis
223
a bundle of axon in cns is
tract
224
t or f the h band shrinks during contraction
TRUE
225
t or f the filum terminale is the inferior most region of spinal cord
FALSE
226
two types of sensory/motor pathways
ascending, descending
227
sensory/motor pathway that conducts sensory impulses
ascending
228
sensory/motor pathway that conducts motor impulses
descending
229
sensory and motor pathways blank in complexity
vary
230
three sensory pathways
first order neuron, second order, third order
231
sensory patthway that sends info to CNS
first order neuron
232
sensory pathway that receives impulses from first; spinal cord or brain stem
second order
233
sensory pathway that carries signal from thalamus to cerebral cortex
third order
234
how many somatic motor mathways
2
235
how many autonomic motor pathways
three
236
somatic motor pathway that is in the CNS
upper motor neuron
237
somatic motor pathway that is from the CNS to effector
lower motor neurons
238
autonomic motor pathway that is in CNS
upper motor neuron
239
autonomic motor pathway that is from CNS to peripheral ganglion
preganglionic neuron
240
autonomic motor pathway that is from ganglion to effector
postganglionic neuron
241
ascending pathway where the sides cross in medulla
posterior column pathway
242
posterior column pathway is for sensory impulses from blank, muscles, tendons, and blank
skin, joints
243
posterior column pathway perceives things like fine blank, pressure, and body blank
touch, positino
244
ascending pathway where sides cross in the spinal cord
spinothalamic pathway
245
two tracts of the spinothalamic pathway
lateral, anterior
246
tract of the spinothalamic pathway that is for sensation of pain and temperature
lateral
247
spinothalamic pathway tract that is for sensation of crude touch and pressure
anterior tract
248
ascending pathways go from blank nerves to blank
spinal, cerebral cortex
249
ascending pathway that is for proprioception for fine coordination
spinocerebellar
250
two tracts of the spinocerebellar pathway
anterior, posterior
251
tract of spinocerebellar pathway where sides cross in spinal cord
anterior
252
tract of spinocerebellar pathway that does not cross over
posterior tract
253
in the spinocerebellar pathway there is no synapse in the blank
thalamus
254
the spinocerebellar pathway never makes it to the blank and is for blank processing
cortex, subconscious
255
descending pathway that has the corticobubular tract, lateral corticospinal tract, and anterior corticospinal tract
corticospinal
256
tract of corticospinal pathway that has motor cranial nerves
corticobubular tract
257
tract of corticospinal pathway that has motor spinal nerves and crosses over in medulla
lateral corticospinal tract
258
corticospinal pathway tract that has motor spinal nerves and does not cross over
anterior corticospinal tracts
259
descending pathway that stimulate and inhibit same lower motor neurons as corticospinal
medial pathway
260
descending pathway that is for muscle tone and precise movements of distal upper limb
lateral pathway
261
lateral pathway stimulates and inhibits same lower motor neurons as blank
corticospinal
262
tract of the lateral pathway that starts in the red nucleus and crosses over
rubrospinal tracts
263
rubrospinal tracts extend to blank region of the spinal cord
cervical
264
three descending pathways
medial, lateral, corticospinal
265
three tracts of medial pathway
tectospinal, reticulospinal, vestibulospinal
266
three tracts of corticospinal pathway
corticobulbar, anterior corticospinal, lateral corticospinal
267
lateral pathway tract
rubrospinal
268
this nervous system funcitons continuously and independently
autonomic nervous system
269
in the autonomic nervous system there is no blank effort needed
conscious
270
the autonomic nervous system controls blank activities
visceral
271
the autonomic nervous system has pathways with usually blank neuron(s)
two
272
the somatic nervous system usually has blank peripheral motor axon(s)
one
273
autonomic nervous system may result in additional blank and results in an additional blank
ganglia, synapse
274
the somatic nervous system has no peripheral blank or blank
synapsing, ganglia
275
two neurons of autonomic nerve fibers
preganglionic, postganglionic
276
two divisions of the autonomic nervous system
sympathetic, parasympathetic
277
division of autonomic nervous system for stressful situations
sympathetic
278
division of the ANS that restores body to restful state
parasympathetic
279
sympathetic and parasympathetic may blank
work together
280
sympathetic and parasympathetic often work blank
antagonistically
281
certain blank may only be innervated by one of the sympathetic or parasympathetic divisions
organs
282
the sympathetic ganglia is made of the blank of blank neurons
soma, postganglionic
283
two types of sympathetic ganglia
chain, collateral
284
sympathetic chain has blank on each side
one
285
fusion causes individual blank in the sympathetic chain
variability
286
there are no cervical blank neurons
sympathetic
287
there are cervical sympathetic blank
ganglia
288
the chain ganglion is innervated by presynaptic fibers from nerves blank to blank
T1 to L2
289
in chain preganglionic fibers, there is no cervical blank input
nerve
290
go to office hours if i don't get it
okay
291
preganglionic fibers leave the blank nerve and enter the chain via the blank
spinal, white ramus
292
there are blank paths that a chain preganglionic impulse can take
three
293
chain postganglionic fibers exit via the blank
gray ramus
294
presynaptic fibers go straight through chain ganglion without blank
synapsing
295
three major collateral ganglia
celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric
296
collateral ganglia deal for the most part with blank processes
digestive
297
presynaptic fibers go through both the chain and collateral ganglia in this
adrenal medullae
298
adrenal medullae stimulate the production of the hormones blank and blank
epinephrine, norepinephrine
299
there are no blank fibers in the adrenal medullae
postganglionic
300
epinephrine and norepinephrine make up blank
adrenaline
301
two effects of sympathetic division
increases alertness, energy, euphoria, increased muscle tone
302
the central nervous system stimulates blank neurons
preganglionic
303
preganglionic neurons always release blank
ach
304
preganglionic neurons are known as blank synapse
cholinergic
305
preganglionic neurons stimulate blank neurons
postganglionic
306
postganglionic neurons release blank
adrenaline
307
adrenergic receptor that responds to both epinephrine and norepinephrine
alpha
308
adrenergic receptor alpha targest blank muscle
smooth
309
adrenergic receptor that only responds to epinephrine
beta
310
cholinergic receptors respond to blank
ach
311
in sympathetic nervous system, preganglionic fibers are blank and postganglionic fibers are blank
short, long
312
synapsing occurs in sympathetic chain or blank ganglia
collateral
313
preganglionic fiber releases blank
ach
314
postganglionic fibers release blank
norepinephrine
315
sympathetic division prepares body for blank
emergencies
316
sympathetic division effects are blank and persistent
widespread
317
division that originates from neurons in midbrain, pons, medulla, and sacral region of the spinal cord
parasympathetic
318
parasympathetic division exit the CNS via blank nerves and blank nerves
cranial, sacral
319
preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic system go to the blank and blank glands
eyes, facial
320
preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic system also includes cranial nerve blank
X - vagus
321
postganglionic fibers are blank and are close to or within target blank
short, organs
322
postganglionic fiber effects are much more blank
localized
323
two functions of parasympathetic division
constrict pupils, sexual arousal, stimulate defecation, secrete hormones
324
all neurons release blank in parasympathetic activation
ach
325
parasympathetic activation has blank effects
short lived
326
most organs receive blank from both divisions
innervation
327
sympathetic reaches the cranial area via blank
chain ganglia
328
parasympathetic reaches the cranial area via blank
cranial ganglia
329
sympathetic and parasympathetic mingle at blank such as these two examples
plexuses, cardiac plexus, esophageal plexus
330
simple functional units of the ANS and provide an autonomic motor response
visceral reflex
331
visceral reflexes are common for blank
digestive system
332
two types of visceral reflexes
long, short
333
type of visceral reflex that goes to the CNS for processing
long reflexes
334
visceral reflex that are processed in the autonomic ganglion
short reflexes
335
many control centers in the blank for control of autonomic activity
medulla
336
blank regulates body temperature in the ANS
hypothalamus
337
when a person is stressed, blank system and blank cortex control the ANS
limbic, cerebral
338
neurons in the spinal cord of the sympathetic division
T1-L2
339
on the sympathetic side there are blank ganglion, blank ganglion, and blank
chain, collateral, medulla
340
there are blank paths for a preganglionic fiber of sympathetic division
four
341
postganglionic fibers are blank in the sympathetic division
long
342
parasympathetic division is between these nerves
cervicles and sacrals
343
postganglionic fiber is blank in parasympathetic division
short
344
preganglionic fibers are blank in the parasympathetic division
long
345
sympathetic division postganglionic fibers are blank
adrenergic
346
the preganglionic fibers in both sympathetic and parasympathetic release blank
ach
347
a specialized cell that sends sensations to CNS
sensory receptor
348
two sensory receptors
tonic, Phasic
349
sensory receptor that is always sending signals to CNS
tonic
350
sensory receptor that becomes active only with changes in the conditions they monitor
Phasic
351
five types of receptors
chemoreceptors, nociceptors, thermoreceptors, mechanoreceptors, photoreceptors
352
area monitored by a single receptor cell
receptive field
353
each receptor responds to a specific stimulus which is called blank
receptor specificity
354
a photoreceptor will not respond to a blank stimulus
chemical
355
the sensory information arriving at the CNS
sensation
356
conscious awareness of sensation
perception
357
blank interprets impulses
brain
358
perception is the feeling that occurs when blank impulses are interpreted
sensory
359
occurs when sensory receptors are subjected to blank stimulation
continuous
360
sensory adaptation results in a reduction of blank
sensitivity
361
when sensory receptors decrease their level of activity
peripheral adaptation
362
two receptors of peripheral adaptation
fast adapting, slow adapting
363
sensory adaptation where sensory neurons are still active and CNS causes reduced perception
central adaptation
364
sensory information from receptors is blank
incomplete
365
humans do not have blank for every blank
receptor, stimulus
366
receptors have limited blank
ranges
367
stimulation of a sensory receptor requires a blank event that is interpreted
neural
368
these senses do not have specialized receptor cells or sensory organs
general senses
369
can have specialized receptor cells separate from the sensory neuron
special senses
370
special senses are structurally blank
more complex
371
special senses are usually in special blank
organs
372
three groups of general senses
exteroceptors, proprioceptors, interoceptors
373
general sense group that relays info about external environment
exteroceptors
374
general sense group that depict body position in space
proprioception
375
these receptors sense tissue damage
nociceptors
376
nociceptors perceive blank
pain
377
nociceptors are blank nerve endings with large receptive field
free
378
nociceptors are found everywhere except blank
brain
379
nociceptors provide a blank function
protective
380
nociceptors do not blank well
adapt
381
three types of pain
fast, slow, referred
382
prickling pain that is quick and induces a reflex and usually ends when stimulus ends
fast pain
383
type of pain that is burning and begins later, persists longer, and is achy
slow pain
384
type of pain that is visceral pain that feels like it is coming from a more superficial region
referred pain
385
example of a referred pain
brain freeze
386
referred pain is due to blank structures being innervated by the same blank nerves as the damaged viscera
superficial, spinal
387
pain in left arm before heart attack is blank pain
referred
388
receptors that involve heat and cold
thermoreceptors
389
thermoreceptors are free nerve endings in blank
skin
390
thermoreceptors are blank to adapt
quick
391
hot and cold is detected by blank but pain is detected by blank
thermoreceptors, nociceptors
392
six types of of tactile receptors in these two categories
unencapsulated, encapsulated
393
three types of unencapsulated tactile receptors
free nerve endings, root hair, tactile disc
394
unencapsulated tactile receptor that is in the papillary of dermis and is for general touch
free nerve endings
395
unencapsulated tactile receptor that monitors distoritions and movement across body surface
root hair
396
unencapsulated tactile receptor that is an expanded nerve terminal that synapses with Merkel cell and is sensitive to fine touch
tactile disc
397
three encapsulated tactile receptors
tactile corpuscles, lamellated corpuscle, ruffini corpuscle
398
encapsulated tactile receptor that is found where tactile sensitivities are very well developed
tactile (meissner's) corpuscles
399
encapsulated tactile receptor that responds to deep pressure
lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscle
400
encapsulated tactile receptor that is in dermis and detects pressure with little adaptation
ruffini corpuscle
401
stretch receptors that monitor changes in pressure and detect stretching of tissue walls
baroreceptors
402
baroreceptors regulate blank activities
autonomic
403
two autonomic activities regulated by baroreceptors
digestive tract, bladder, carotid sinus, lung, colon
404
receptors that monitor position of joints, tension in tendons, state of muscle contraction
proprioceptors
405
proprioceptors have blank adaptation to stimulus
no
406
two types of proprioceptors
muscle spindles, golgi tendon organ
407
muscle spindle proprioceptors monitor blank of muscle
length
408
golgi tendon organ proprioceptors monitors blank in a tendon during contraction
tension
409
respond to substances dissolved in surrounding fluids
chemoreceptors
410
chemoreceptors monitor chemical composition of body blank
fluids
411
chemoreceptors are found inside the CNS and the blank
medulla
412
chemoreceptors are found in these two bodies
aortic, carotid
413
sense of smell
olfaction
414
olfactory organ is located within the blank cavity on either side of nasal septum
nasal
415
olfactory organ covers the blank of the ethmoid
cribriform plate
416
olfactory organ made up of olfactory blank
epithelium
417
three things in the olfactory epithelium
olfactory receptors, supporting cells, basal cells
418
olfactory cells are covered in secretions from blank
olfactory glands
419
olfactory receptors are highly modified blank neurons
bipolar
420
olfactory receptors have blank that extend into mucus secreted by olfactory glands
cilia
421
odorous particles dissolve into mucus and cause blank
depolarization
422
olfactory nerve does not go through blank
thalamus
423
smells can trigger blank
strong emotion
424
smells are interpreted in blank and blank lobes
temporal, frontal
425
there are blank primary smells
fifty
426
olfactory cells adapt blank
quickly
427
olfactory cells can blank but blank with age
reproduce, decrease
428
combinations of 50 primary smells allow us to distinguish blank of smells
thousands
429
taste sense
gustation
430
chemoreceptors in structures called blank in taste
taste buds
431
taste buds on superior surface of tongue in blank
papillae
432
epithelial projections where taste buds lie
papillae
433
three types of papillae
filiform, fungiform, circumvallate
434
there are about blank gustatory cells per taste bud
40
435
these replace receptors every 10 to 12 days
basal
436
gustatory cells extend blank called a taste hair into a taste pore
microvilli
437
gustatory pathway uses cranial nerves blank blank and blank
VII, IX, X
438
gustatory pathway has blank fibers that synapse with blank in medulla
afferent, nucleus solitarius
439
gustatory pathway goes to blank and blank
thalamus, cerebral cortex
440
primary tastes
sour, sweet, salt, bitter, water, umami
441
external structure supported elastic cartilage of external ear
auricle
442
canal to middle ear
external acoustic meatus
443
external ear ends at blank
tympanic membrane
444
these make wax in the external acoustic meatus
ceruminous glands
445
there are also blank in the external acoustic meatus
hairs
446
two functions of external ear
protect middle/inner ear, limit microorganism growth, funnel vibrations, deny access to foreign objects
447
middle ear consists of the blank which is an air filled space between external and inner ear
tympanic cavity
448
part of middle ear that can be induced by chewing or yawning
auditory tube
449
auditory tube allows for blank to get in and cause ear infection
microbes
450
most ear infections occur in the blank
middle ear
451
bones in the middle ear that transfer vibrations from the tympanic membrane to inner ear
ossicles
452
three ossicles
malleus, incus, stapes
453
middle ear muscle that inserts on the malleus
tensor tympani
454
middle ear muscle that inserts on the stapes
stapedius
455
part of ear that is a series of tubes and cavities
inner ear
456
two sections of the inner ear
vestibule (balance), cochlea (hearing)
457
inner ear layer that contains endolymph fluid
membranous labyrinth
458
inner ear layer that is the dense bone layer of the temporal and contains perilymph fluid
bony (osseous) labyrinth
459
structure that converts vibrations to sound
cochlea
460
cochlea contacts the stapes at the blank
oval window
461
three ducts of the cochlea
scala vestibuli, scala media, scala tympani
462
scala vestibuli is divided by the blank
vestibular membrane
463
scala media is divided by the blank
basilar membrane
464
organ of corti is found on the blank
basilar membrane
465
three parts of the organ of corti
hair cells, cranial nerve 8, tectorial membrane
466
mechanoreceptors with stereocilia in the organ of corti
hair cells
467
cochlear branch contacts hair cells in the organ of corti
cranial nerve 8
468
positioned right above hair cell stereocilia in the organ of corti
tectorial membrane
469
when the oval window vibrates, the blank moves
perilymph
470
the cochlear branch of blank carries auditory sensations
cranial nerve 8
471
auditory sensations go to the blank, then travels to through the blank, then is processed in the blank
medulla, thalamus, auditory cortex of temporal lobe
472
high sounds are detected by blank parts of cochlea
large
473
low sounds are detected by blank parts of cochlea
small
474
three parts of the vestibule
semicircular canals, utricle, saccule
475
the semicircular canals surround the semicircular blank
ducts
476
semicircular canals have a blank at base
ampulla
477
each ampulla has a blank which attaches to a cupula
cristae
478
a blank is in the utricle/saccule
maculae
479
the blank has hair cells
cupula
480
when head is rotated, fluid moves through blank and fluid moves the blank so the hair cells stereocilia blanks, then blank occurs
canals, cupula, bends, depolarization
481
the maculae consists of these two things
hair cells, otoliths
482
small calcium carbonate crystals that is in a gel like substance
otolith
