Anatomy Lecture Deck 2 Flashcards
(480 cards)
1
Q
fibrodysplasia is a blank disorder and injury results in inappropriate blank formation
A
genetic, bone
2
Q
these hold bones together but may permit movement
A
joints
3
Q
study of joints
A
arthrology
4
Q
study of motion
A
kinesiology
5
Q
three classifications of joints
A
synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, diarthrosis
6
Q
classification of joints based on anatomy
A
fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
7
Q
collagen fiber joints
A
fibrous
8
Q
cartilage joints
A
cartilaginous
9
Q
joint capsule, ligaments, and fluid in this joint
A
synovial
10
Q
fibrous joints lack a blank cavity
A
synovial
11
Q
little or no movement joints
A
fibrous joints
12
Q
three types of fibrous joints
A
sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses
13
Q
thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue unites bones of the skull and are immovable
A
sutures
14
Q
if sutures are fused completely then it is called blank
A
synostosis
15
Q
blank bones fuse together to become one in humans
A
frontal
16
Q
fibrous joint where bones are united by a ligament and slightly movable
A
syndesmosis
17
Q
anterior tibiofibular joint and interosseous membrane are these kinds of joints
A
syndesmosis
18
Q
ligament holds cone shaped peg in a bony socket and is immovable joint
A
gomphosis
19
Q
teeth in alveolar processes of maxillae or mandible are an example of this joint
A
gomphosis
20
Q
these joints lack a synovial cavity and allows little or no movement but bones are tightly connected by fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage
A
cartilage joints
21
Q
two types of cartilage joints
A
symphysis, synchondrosis
22
Q
connecting material is hyaline cartilage and is immovable in this joint
A
synchondrosis
23
Q
epiphyseal plate or joints between the ribs and sternum are these kinds of joints
A
synchondrosis
24
Q
when fusion of synchondroses it is called
A
synostosis
25
fibrocartilage is the connecting material and these joints are slightly movable
symphysis
26
intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis are this joint
symphysis
27
men and women pelvic differences and bone model
l
28
2 bones separated by a fluid filled cavity in this joint
synovial
29
this is made of blood filtrate, hyaluronic acid, and glycoproteins
synovial fluid
30
function of synovial fluid
lubricate joint surface, shock absorber, nourish chondrocytes
31
reinforce and strengthen joint capsule and connect bone to bone
ligament
32
ligaments are made of this connective tissue
dense regular
33
ligaments outside the joint capsule, collaterals
extracapsular
34
ligaments within capsule, cruciates
intracapsular
35
pads of fibrous cartilage that subdivide a cavity and are also known as menisci
articular discs
36
knee joint and ulnolunate joint are blank
articular discs
37
three functions of articular discs
channel flow of synovial fluid, modifies articular surface, restrict movements at joint, help distribute body weight, cushion articulating surfaces
38
adipose tissue surrounding the synovial capsule
fat pads
39
small fluid filled pockets of connective tissue between tendons/ligaments and bones
bursae
40
two opposing surfaces slide past one another in this joint
gliding
41
example of gliding joint
sternoclavicular joint
42
movement with a change in angle between the shaft and the articular surface
angular movement
43
type of angular motion with rotation of the shaft while changing the angle
circumduction
44
spinning of the shaft without changing the angle
rotation
45
ball and socket joint has this movement
circumduction
46
twisting head is blank motion of the head
rotation
47
types of angular movement
abduction, adduction, flexion, extension, hyperextension
48
two types of rotation
pronation, supination
49
synovial joints are a trade off between blank and blank
flexibility, stability
50
six types of synovial joints
plane, hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, ball and socket
51
synovial joint where bone surfaces are flat or slightly curved and side to side movement only
plane
52
intercarpal, intertarsal, sternoclavicular, and vertebrocostal are blank joints
plane
53
convex surface of one bones fits into concave surface of 2nd bone and is monoaxial
hinge
54
knee, elbow, ankle, and interphalangeal joints are these
hinge
55
rounded surface of bone articulates with ring formed by 2nd bone and ligament and is monoaxial that only allows for rotation and longitudinal axis joint
pivot
56
proximal radioulnar joint is this type of joint
pivot
57
oval shaped projection fits into oval depression and is biaxial
condylar
58
wrist is blank joint
wrist
59
one bone fits over another bone like a horse and is biaxial
saddle joint
60
trapezium of carpus and metacarpal of the thumb are this joint
saddle
61
ball fitting into a cuplike depresseion joint
ball and socket
62
ball and socket joints are blank because they can do flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation
multiaxial
63
a shoulder joint and hip joint are these
ball and socket
64
temporomandibular joint is a blank joint between the blank and blank
hinge, condylar process of mandible, mandibular fossa
65
vertebrae articulate and blank and blank
superior and inferior articular processes
66
intervertebral facets are blank joints that restrict lateral movement
plane
67
these allow flexion, extension, lateral flexion and rotation in the vertebrae
discs
68
the two things that separate vertebrae and hold them together
anulus fibrosus, nucleus pulposus
69
anulus fibrosus is made of blank
fibrocartilage
70
this is made of water, hyaluronic acid and reticular/elastic fibers
nucleus pulposus
71
nucleus pulposus cells are found in the blank
notochord
72
a slipped disc is a blank disc
herniated
73
the nucleus pulposus breaks through the annulus fibrosus in a blank
herniated disc
74
movements of vertebral column blanks nucleus in a herniated disc
compresses
75
shoulder joint is called the blank joint
glenohumeral
76
in the glenohumeral joint, it is made of blank and blank
head of humerus, glenoid cavity
77
the glenoid cavity is covered by the blank
glenoid labrum
78
a ring of dense irregular connective tissue attached to the margin of the glenoid cavity
glenoid labrum
79
two joints of the elbow
humerus and ulna, humerus and radius
80
humerus and ulna joint is a blank joint
hinge
81
humerus and radius is a blank joint
pivot
82
the wrist and hand have the blank joint
radiocarpal
83
radius and 3 proximal carpals make up this joint
radiocarpal
84
the radiocarpal joint has this motion
circumduction
85
intercarpal joints are blank joints
sliding
86
carpometacarpal joints are blank joints on the thumb
saddle
87
carpometacarpal joints are blank joints on all digits but thumb
plane (gliding)
88
this joint is the hand to the fingers and is a condylar joint
metacarpophalangeal joints
89
interphalangeal joints are blank joints are in the blank
hinge, fingers
90
hip joint is made of the blank and blank
femoral head, acetabulum of pelvis
91
hip joint is a blank joint
ball and socket
92
blank extends the size of the acetabulum in the hip joint
labrum
93
the joint that takes the biggest beating in the body
knee
94
knee joint has about blank degrees of motion
160
95
two joints of the knee
tibiofemoral joint, patellofemoral joint
96
tibiofemoral joint is a blank joint
hinge
97
patellofemoral joint is a blank joint
plane (gliding)
98
the ankle is the blank joint
talocrural
99
three connections in the talocrural joint
tibiotalar, tibiofibular, fibulotalar
100
foot joint that is planar and between tarsals
intertarsal
101
plane joint of the foot between tarsals and metatarsals
tarsometatarsal
102
foot joint that is condylar and between metatarsals and digits
metatarsophalangeal
103
foot joint that is a blank joint in digits
interphalangeal
104
study of muscles
myology
105
muscular tissue is blank percent of total body mass
45
106
muscles do most of the blank generated by the body
work
107
three muscle functions
maintain posture, movement, heat production, support visceral organs, guard orifices
108
property of muscle tissue that has the ability to receive and respond to electric or chemical stimuli
excitability
109
property of muscle that is the ability to shorten forcibly when stimulated
contractility
110
property of muscle that has the ability to be stretched without damaging the tissue
extensibility
111
property of muscle tissue that is the ability to return to original shape after being stretched
elasticity
112
four properties of muscle tissue
excitability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity
113
muscles are blank
organs
114
muscle is composed of many types of blank
tissue
115
a muscle fiber equals blank
1 muscle cell
116
skeletal muscle attaches to bone, skin, or blank
fascia
117
skeletal muscle blanks rapidly but blanks easilty
contracts, tires
118
another name for belly
gaster
119
main portion of a muscle
gaster
120
belly is attached to blank
tendons
121
tendons attach blank to blank
bone, muscle
122
fascia that is dense irregular ct around the muscle and holds it in place and separates it from other muscles
deep
123
fascia that is made of loose ct beneath skin, surrounds several muscles
subcutaneous
124
many muscle fibers are bundled together into groups called blank
fascicles
125
several blank make up a muscle
fascicle
126
fascicles have blank to blank fibers
10-100
127
skeletal muscle ct that surrounds the whole muscle
epimysium
128
skeletal muscle ct that surrounds fascicles
perimysium
129
skeletal muscle ct that separates individual muscle fibers
endomysium
130
all connective tissue extend beyond the muscle blank to form the blank
belly, tendon
131
tendons may form thick flattened sheets, called blank
aponeuroses
132
embryonic cells that fuse to form muscle fibers
myoblasts
133
these are the reason that muscles are so long and multinucleated
myoblasts
134
myoblasts that do not fuse become blank cells
myosatellite
135
these muscle fiber cells assist in repair of damaged cells
myosatellite
136
fiber cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
sarcoplasm
137
plasma membrane of a muscle fiber
sarcolemma
138
extensions of the sarcolemma into the sarcoplasm in muscle fibers
transverse tubule
139
contractile organelles that extend the length of a muscle fiber
myofibrils
140
myofibrils are surrounded by the blank
sarcoplasmic reticulum
141
the functional unit of a myofibril is a blank
sarcomere
142
sarcomeres are made of blank filaments and blank filaments
thick, thin
143
thick filament that is twisted with globular heads, about 1.6 micrometers long, and there are 500 of them to one thick filament
myosin
144
thin filaments are made of blank which is a structural protein and has coiled "beads"
actin
145
actin binds with blank because it has an active site
myosin
146
two regulatory proteins of actin
tropomyosin, troponin
147
the striated bands of filaments are blank
sarcomeres
148
entire thick filament range
A band
149
only thin filaments
I band
150
only thick filaments
H bands
151
both filaments are in this zone
zone of overlap
152
divide and flank the sarcomere
sarcomere lines
153
the end of the sarcomere made of actinin protein and anchor thin filaments
z line
154
middle of the sarcomere that stabilizes thick filaments and is a sarcomere line
m line
155
diagram a sarcomere
ehhh
156
structural protein that anchors a thick filament to a z line and accounts for elasticity and extensibility
titin
157
structural protein that holds F actin together on thin filaments
nebulin
158
structural protein that makes up the z line
actinin
159
during contraction, myosin attaches to binding site of blank
actin
160
during contraction, atp causes the myosin to flex and pull on the blank
actin
161
the blank filaments slide inward during contraction
thin
162
neuron and all muscle cells are stimulated by the neuron in this
motor unit
163
three things in neuromuscular junciton
motor unit, neuromuscular junction, synaptic terminal
164
point of contact between the neuron and the muscle
neuromuscular junction
165
end of axon that contacts motor end plate
synaptic terminal
166
three more parts of the neuromuscular junction
motor end plate, synaptic cleft, neurotransmitter
167
point on muscle fiber that contacts synaptic terminal
motor end plate
168
chemical released into the gap in neuromuscular junction
neurotransmitter
169
gap between motor end plates in neuromuscular junction
synaptic cleft
170
neurotransmitter involved in neuromuscular junction
acetylcholine
171
in muscle contraction, blank is stored in synaptic vesicles
ach
172
in muscle contraction, impulse reaches end of neuron which releases blank
ach
173
in muscle contraction, ach crosses gap and binds to blank
receptors
174
in muscle contraction, impulse travels through motor blank down t tubules the blank
end plates, sarcoplasmic reticulum
175
in muscle contraction, blank ions diffuse out of the SR into the blank
calcium, sarcoplasm
176
in muscle contraction, calcium exposes the blank
active site
177
in muscle contraction, blank binds to the active site
myosin
178
in muscle contraction, blank is used and contraction occurs
atp
179
in muscle contraction, contraction continues as long as calcium ion blank is high
concentration
180
draw out muscle contraction
to help for the exam
181
during muscle relaxion, ach is decomposed by blank
acetlycholinesterase
182
in muscle relaxion, blank are transported back to sarcoplasmic reticulum
calcium ions
183
in muscle relaxtion, blank and blank links are broken
actin, myosin
184
in muscle relaxtion, blank move back
cross bridges
185
in muscle relaxion, blank is blocked once again
active site
186
the tension produced by a muscle is determined by the blank of stimulation and the number of blank stimulated
frequency, motor units
187
three keys to tension produced
all or none, recruitment, tetanus
188
law that states that all fibers in a motor unity fully contract if stimulated
all or none law
189
steady increase in tension by increasing the number of contracting motor units
recruitment
190
muscle never begins to relax, continuous fused contraction
tetanus
191
motor units contract randomly and there is tension but no movement in this
muscle tone
192
three things that muscle tone can do
stabilize joints, hold things in place, maintain posture
193
constant, exhaustive stimulation increases the number of organelles/proteins in a fiber
hypertrophy
194
overall enlargement of a muscle
hypertrophy
195
muscle fibers do not blank
reproduce
196
lack of constant motor neuron stimulation reduces organelles and proteins and is reversible if fiber is not dead
atrophy
197
atrophy is due to these three things
lack of use, hormones, age, nerve damage
198
attachment site that does not move
origin
199
attachment site that moves
insertion
200
tension =
force
201
fascicle arrangement varies based on blank of muscle
position
202
fascicles parallel to long blank in parallel muscles
axis
203
parallel muscles have this type of force
unidirectional
204
two types of parallel muscles
fusiform, strap-linear
205
fan shaped muscle with multidirectional force, versatility, and generates the least amount of force
convergent muscles
206
example of parallel muscles
biceps brachii
207
example of convergent muscle
pectoralis major
208
feather shaped muscles that have a tendon passing through the muscle and produce the greatest force
pennate
209
example of a pennate muscle
deltoid
210
three types of pennate muscles
unipennate, bipennate, multipennate
211
concentric fascicles around opening and the contraction decreases lumen diameter
circular muscles
212
example of circular muscles
orbicularis oculi
213
rotation around one axis
uniaxial
214
movement that occurs along 2 axes
biaxial
215
movement on all axes
multiaxial
216
main muscle causing directional force action
agonist
217
muscle action that contracts to oppose agonist
antagonist
218
muscle action that assists/modifies movement
synergist
219
muscle action that stabilizes elements associated with agonist
fixator
220
example of fixator action muscles
deltoid stabilizes glenohumeral joint
221
a system that modifies movements and change magnitude of force, speed, direction, distance of limb movement
lever
222
stiff arms or arm that can move at a certain point
lever
223
four components of a lever system
lever, effort, fulcrum, resistance
224
part of lever system that is the skeletal element
lever
225
part of lever system that is the applied force
effort
226
part of the lever system that is the joint
fulcrum
227
part of lever system that is the body part or object moved
resistance
228
effort = blank
applied force
229
layer of dermis that consists of mostly dense connective tissue, and binds to tendons and ligaments
reticular
230
fascia that consists of dense connective tissue, and binds to tendons and ligaments
deep
231
exocrine gland with a single duct, does not wind, no branching and is lobed shaped
simple alveolar
232
the nutrient artery supplies blood to the blank
diaphysis
233
smooth muscle cells possess multiple nuclei t or f
f
234
of the three types of cartilage, hyaline cartilage has the lowest chondroitin sulfate concentration t or f
f
235
the patella is a short bone t or f
f
236
bursae are pads of cartilage that subdivide the synovial cavity t or f
f
237
type of lever that is a see-saw with resistance opposite of effort with a central fulcrum
first class
238
example of first class lever
neck extension
239
the effort in neck extension
neckextensors
240
fulcrum of neck extension
atlanto-occipital joint
241
resistance in neck extension
skull
242
type of lever that is a wheel barrow and the effort is opposite of fulcrum to move the resistance
second class
243
example of second class lever
plantar flexion
244
effort of plantar flexion
calf
245
fulcrum of plantar flexion
MP joint
246
resistance of plantar flexion
weight of body
247
type of lever that is a hockey wrist shot where the effort is in between fulcrum and resistance
third class
248
example of a third class lever
elbow flexion
249
effort of elbow flexion
biceps brachii
250
fulcrum of elbow flexion
elbow joint
251
resistance of elbow flexion
weight distal to joint
252
skeletal muscle fiber that has high energy requirements, are anaerobic, have large diamater, and densely packed myofibrils
fast fibers
253
fast fibers have blank mitochondria
few
254
fast fibers have rapid, powerful brief blank
contractions
255
skeletal muscle fibers with more myoglobin, aerobic, and smaller diameter
slow fibers
256
slow fibers take blank to contract
longer
257
slow muscles are blank in color
red
258
fast fibers are blank in color
white
259
skeletal muscle fibers that are slow and fast and have greater resistance to fatigue
intermediate fibers
260
blank can change one muscle type to another
exercise
261
this muscle type is attached to hair follicles in skin
smooth
262
three smooth muscle characteristics
in walls of organs and blood vessels, nonstriated, involuntary, elastic, spindle shaped, slow contractions
263
two things that stimulate smooth muscles
nervous system, hormones, ions, stretching
264
many gap junctions, sheets of spindle-shaped cells, and contract together in this type of smooth muscle
single unit
265
example of single unit smooth muscle
blood vessels, digestive tract, urinary tract, respiratory tract
266
type of smooth muscle that has no or few gap junctions, separate fibers, only contract when stimulated by motor nerve
multi unit
267
example of multi unit smooth muscle
large blood vessels, uterus, iris of ey
268
muscle type that is striated, involuntary and autorhythmic
cardiac muscle
269
cardiac muscle is made of a network of fibers with blank at ends and is found only in blank
intercalated disks, heart
270
coordinate all body systems and this is accomplished by the transmission of signals
nervous system
271
the nervous system is a blank signaling system
electrochemical
272
communication system that is a slower scale and uses chemicals in the blood stream called blank
endocrine system, hormones
273
two communication systems of the body
nervous, endocrine
274
nervous system is made up of many blank, each composed of several tissues
organs
275
three things that make up nervous system
neurons, neuroglia, blood vessels, connective tissue
276
2 divisions of the nervous system
central, peripheral
277
the brain and spinal cord make up the blank nervous system
central
278
cranial and spinal nerves make up the blank nervous system
peripheral
279
the central nervous system is covered by blank
meninges
280
central nervous system is bathed in blank fluid
cerebrospinal
281
nervous system that is the integration center
central
282
nervous system that has both sensory and motor fibers
peripheral
283
the PNS connects the CNS to blank and blank
glands, muscles
284
this nervous system brings information to and from the CNS
PNS
285
two divisions of the PNS
afferent, efferent
286
the sensory division of the PNS
afferent
287
the motor division of the PNS
efferent
288
two divisions of the efferent division
somatic, autonomic
289
conscious control division of the efferent division
somatic
290
unconscious division of the efferent division
autonomic
291
order of a general function of the nervous system
receptors, sensory, integrative, motor, effector
292
receptor of nervous system does what
detects stimuli
293
sensory is felt by blank
afferent PNS
294
integrative part of nervous system
CNS
295
motor part of nervous system is the blank
efferent PNS
296
the effector of the nervous system
muscle/gland
297
structural and functional units of nervous system, excitable and amitotic
neurons
298
nervous tissue cell that are accessory cells and act like connective tissue
neuroglial
299
three major structures of neurons
soma, dendrites, axon
300
cell body of a neuron
soma
301
soma is blank
mononucleate
302
four parts of soma
nissl bodies, axon hillock, perikaryon, neurofibrils
303
part of soma with ribosome clusters and give a gray color
nissl bodies
304
part of soma that connects soma to axon
axon hillock
305
region around the nucleus in soma
perikaryon
306
cytoskeleton that extend into dendrites/axon and gives shape in soma
neurofibrils
307
part of neuron that respond to neurtransmitters
dendrites
308
dendrites are short, branched, and blank
unmyelinated
309
dendrites are specialized for blank with other neurons
contact
310
axon is only blank
1 cell
311
axon conducts nerve impulses blank soma
away from
312
axon can give off blank
collaterals
313
axon are wrapped in blank
myelin sheath
314
glial cells wrapped around the axon
myelin sheath
315
axons end in blank
synaptic terminals
316
axons produce blank
neurotrasmitters
317
movement of cellular materials (not signals) through the axon
axonal transport
318
axonal transport that is away from soma; and transports neurotransmitters, organelles, nutrients
anterograde
319
axonal transport toward soma, degraded materials to be recycled & extracellular substances
retrograde
320
cytoplasm of an axon
axoplasma
321
axoplasma consists of few blank
organelles
322
plasma membrane of an axon
axolemma
323
axolemma has these three things
collaterals, telodendra, synaptic terminal
324
side branches of axolemma
collaterals
325
neuron shape that is small and axons can not be distinguished from dendrites
anaxonic
326
anaxonic neurons are found mostly in the blank
CNS
327
neuron shape that is several small dendrites converged onto one and the dendrite/axon are separated by soma
bipolar
328
bipolar neuron cells are blank
unmyelinated
329
neuron shape that is several small dendrites converged onto one large one and the dendrite/axon are continuous
unipolar
330
unipolar neurons are usually blank
myelinated
331
majority of unipolar neurons are sensory neurons in the blank
PNS
332
shape of neuron that is many dendrites extend from soma and a long axon
multipolar
333
multipolar neurons are blank
myelinated
334
the majority of motor neurons in the PNS are blank
multipolar
335
multipolar neurons are also in the blank of CNS
spinal interneurons
336
neurons that have sensory function
afferent
337
cell body is usually outside the CNS in blank neurons
afferent
338
afferent neurons have receptor ends on blank or are associated with receptor cells in blank organs
dendrites, sense
339
three types of receptors in afferent neurons
exteroreceptors, proprioceptors, interoceptors
340
touch, temp, pressure, light chemicals are detected by blank receptors
exteroceptors
341
receptor that monitor muscle and skeleton position
proprioceptors
342
receptors that monitor internal systems
interoceptors
343
neurons only in the CNS and are the most abundant neurons
interneurons
344
two classifications of interneurons
excitatory, inhibitory
345
interneurons blank two or more neurons
link
346
neurons that have motor function and the cell body is usually inside the CNS
efferent
347
efferent neurons that control skeletal muscles
somatic
348
efferent neurons that control smooth muscles and glands
autonomic
349
cells that are called satellite or schwann cells in the PNS
neuroglial cells
350
cells that are called astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, microglia in the CNS
neuroglial cells
351
largest and most common neuroglial cell that is star shaped
astrocytes
352
three functions of astrocytes
structure, repair, metabolism, regulate ions, guide neurons to targets, form blood brain barrier
353
these are like astrocytes but smaller
oligodendrocytes
354
oligodendrocytes form blank in the central nervous system
myelin
355
smallest and least common neuroglial cell
microglia
356
microglia are derived from blank cells
myeloid
357
microglia are the blank cells of the nervous system
white blood
358
main function of microglia
phagocytosis
359
columnar/cuboidal and have microvilli on luminal surface are are a neuroglial
ependymal
360
ependymal cells are joined by blank junctions
gap
361
main function of ependymal cells is to help produce blank
cerebrospinal fluid
362
associated with soma and assist with exchange of nutrients and is a neuroglial cell
satellite
363
satellite cells blank neuron from extraneous stimuli
Isolates
364
neuroglial cells that produce myelin in the peripheral nervous system
schwann cells
365
schwann cells encloses blank of longer peripheral nerves
axons
366
main function of schwann cells is to blank large PNS axons
myelinate
367
blank axons appear gray and many axons associate with a single schwann cell
unmyelinated
368
unmyelinated cells are found in the blank and are not blank cells
CNS, glial
369
axons that appear white
myelinated
370
in the central nervous system, blank myelinate part of several axons
oligodendrocytes
371
in the PNS, blank cells myelinated part of one axon
schwann
372
plasma membrane of schwann cell wrapped around axon
myelin
373
part of schwann cell that contains cytoplasm
neurilemma
374
gaps in myelin sheath
nodes of ranvier
375
myelination process starts when you are blank and then stop around age blank
young, 3
376
myelin functions to blank axons and increase blank
isolate, rate of action potential
377
the peripheral nervous system can blank a fraction of the axons
regenerate
378
the regeneration of Schwann cells in PNS
Wallerian process
379
if the injury separates axon from cell body, the blank portion of the axon will blank along with with myelin sheath
distal, deteriorate
380
during the regeneration of nerve fibers, blank clean up, some blank cells remain, and a thin blank membrane and later of blank tissue around schwann cells
macrophages, schwann, basement, connective
381
new axon grows blank to blank millimeters per day when regenerating nerve fibers
4-Mar
382
repair in central nervous system is more blank
limited
383
oligodendrocytes do not blank and repair the central nervous sytem
proliferate
384
blank produce scar tissue and chemicals blocking regrowth in central nervous system
astrocytes
385
ability to respond to stimuli
irritability
386
ability to transmit an impulse
excitability
387
an electrical impulse changing the permeability of a membrane
action potential
388
action potential moving down an axon
nerve impulse
389
impulse travels faster when the axon is blank and has a blank diamater
myelinated, larger
390
this functions as a control/transmission point and a site of communication
synapse
391
synapse is a site communication between any two cells with a blank
gap
392
two types of synapses
electrical, chemical
393
example of electrical synapse
intercalated discs of cardiac muscle
394
example of a chemical synapse
neuro-muscular junction
395
in chemical synapses, blank house neurotransmitters
synaptic vesicle
396
chemical synapses only exist in the blank
presynaptic cell
397
chemical synapses release neurotransmitters into the blank
synaptic cleft
398
receptors on blank membranes register the neurotransmitter in chemical synapses
post-synaptic
399
chemical synapses proliferates the blank from one cell to the next
action potential
400
in step 1 at a chemical synapse the action potential reaches the blank of the presynaptic neuron
synaptic knob
401
receive impulses from afferent fibers and the impulses are carried away on efferent fibers in these
neuronal pools
402
blank fibers can branch many times before entering a pool
afferent
403
one neuron to another in series in this pool
serial processing
404
pool when impulse leaves a pool, it may spread into several output fibers and allows impulse to be amplified
divergence
405
neuronal pool where a single nerve in pool may receive impulses from 2 or more incoming fibers
convergence
406
if an impulse leads to the same nerve, they are said to blank
converge
407
convergence allows summation of impulses from blank
different sources
408
processing information from several neurons at once
parallel processing
409
positive feedback continues activity of circuit in this pool
reverberation
410
one neuron may receive either blank and blank stimuli from multiple neurons
excitatory, inhibitory
411
the net effect of all input to a cell is called the blank
net charge
412
if the charge is positive enough to a nerve then it will result in a blank
active potential
413
the point where an action potential can be produced is known as blank
threshold
414
inhibitory stimuli bring signals blank threshold
away from
415
excitatory stimuli bring signals blank threshold
to
416
in step 2 at a chemical synapse the blank is release
neurotransmitter
417
in step 3 at a chemical synapse the blank binds to receptors and blanks the postsynaptic membrane
ach, depolarizes
418
in step 4 at a chemical synapse blank is removed by blank
ach, ache
419
if a neuron is excited but still below threshold, it said to be in blank
facilitation
420
cns structure that is a collection of neuron cell bodies
nuclei
421
cns structure that is the collection of neuron cell bodies working together
center
422
cns structure that are bundles of axons
tracts
423
pns structure that is a collection of neuron cell bodies
ganglia
424
pns structure that is a bundle of axons
nerves
425
spinal cord is a slender nerve blank
column
426
size of spinal cord
45 cm long
427
spinal cord has blank matter
gray and white
428
hold down the center of spinal cord with continuous brain ventricles and both contain csf
central canal
429
two grooves of spinal cord
anterior median fissure, posterior median sulcus
430
two swollen regions of the spinal cord
cervical enlargement, lumbar enlargement
431
inferior most tip of the spinal cord; cone shaped
conus medullaris
432
means horse's tail; bundle of nerves inferior to spinal cord
cauda equina
433
inferior most spinal nerve
filum terminale
434
this consists of cell bodies, dendrites, and synapses
gray matter
435
projections of gray matter are called blank
horns
436
cell bodies are organized into blank like blank and blank
nuclei, sensory, motor
437
three interior horns
posterior, anterior, lateral
438
five white tracts/columns
posterior, anterior, lateral, ascending tract, descending tract
439
white matter tract that is sensory
ascending
440
white matter tract that is motor
descending tract
441
membranes covering the central nervous system
meninges
442
meninges are similar in both blank and blank
brain, spinal cord
443
meninges are split into layers called blank which means mother
mater
444
vertebrae consist of vertebral blank
arches
445
space between meninges and vertebra and contains blood vessels and adipose
epidural space
446
meninges connect to blank covering of spinal nerves
connective tissue
447
the tough mother meninge that is very durable
dura mater
448
dura mater is blank to epidural space
deep
449
dura mater is superficial to blank
subdural space
450
spidery mother meninge
arachnoid mater
451
arachnoid mater is superficial to blank
subarachnoid space
452
connective tissue looks like a spider web in this mater
arachnoid
453
delicate mother that is a light layer adhering to the spinal cord
pia mater
454
pia mater forms part of blank
filum terminale
455
the subarachnoid space is with blank
csf
456
parts of spinal meninges
vertebra, epidural space, dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid layer, subarachnoid space, pia mater, neural tissue
457
how many pairs of spinal nerves
31
458
how many cervical spinal nerve pairs
8
459
how many thoracic spinal nerves pairs
12
460
how many lumbar spinal nerves pairs
5
461
how many sacral spinal nerves pairs
5
462
how many coccygeal spinal nerves pairs
1
463
two nerve componenets
dorsal root, ventral root
464
axons of dorsal root are called blank
dorsal root ganglion
465
dorsal roots are usually blank
sensory
466
ventral root has no blank and is usually blank
ganglion, motor
467
roots merge to form blank
nerves
468
spinal nerves are usually blank and blank
sensory and motor
469
all roots go through the blank
intervertebral foramina
470
surrounds the entire nerve and is a connective tissue
epineurium
471
ct that surrounds bundles of 10-100 axons (fascicle)
perineurium
472
ct that surrounds each individual axon of each neuron
endoneurium
473
offshoots of a nerve once it exits the vertebra
rami
474
three types of rami
dorsal ramus, ventral ramus, ramus communicantes
475
a splitting in the ramus separating sensory and motor fibers
rami communicantes
476
two splits of the rami communicantes
white, gray
477
sensory innervation by specific spinal nerves
dermatomes
478
spinal cord damage will result in loss of blank in dermatome
sensation
479
the method of detection of nerve damage in humans
dermatomes
480
these braid off ventral rami
nerve plexuses
