Anatomy Lecture Deck 4 Flashcards
(484 cards)
1
Q
when head orientation changes, gravity pulls on blank which moves blank which deforms hair cell blank and blank occurs
A
statoconia, otolith, stereocilia, depolarization
2
Q
eyelids are also known as blank
A
palpebrae
3
Q
eyelids functions are to
A
protect/lubricate
4
Q
two parts of eyelids
A
tarsal glands, conjunctiva
5
Q
oily secretions keep lids from sticking together in eyelid
A
tarsal gland
6
Q
thin protective mucus membrane of eyelid
A
conjunctiva
7
Q
two parts of conjunctiva
A
palpebral, bulbar
8
Q
the conjunctiva stops at blank edge
A
corneal
9
Q
produces tears
A
lacrimal apparatus
10
Q
lacrimal apparatus consists of these three things
A
lacrimal gland, lacrimal punctum, lacrimal canaliculi
11
Q
produces tears
A
lacrimal gland
12
Q
drain tears in the lacrimal canaliculi
A
lacrimal punctum
13
Q
three layers of eye
A
fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, neural tunic
14
Q
two parts of fibrous tunic
A
sclera, cornea
15
Q
white of eye and is dense and irregular ct
A
sclera
16
Q
transparent layer of eye
A
cornea
17
Q
three parts of vascular tunic
A
iris, choroid, lens
18
Q
smooth muscles and pigments and controls size of pupil
A
iris
19
Q
vascularized pigmented layer
A
choroid
20
Q
layered proteins and refracts light
A
lens
21
Q
vascular tunic regulates amount of blank
A
light
22
Q
vascular tunic controls shape of blank
A
lens
23
Q
neural tunic has these cells
A
receptor, bipolar, ganglion, amacrine
24
Q
rods and cones that detect light are blank cells
A
receptor
25
neurons that synapse with receptor cells
bipolar neurons
26
cells that modulate communication between bipolar and ganglion cells
amacrine
27
these are very light sensitive and can not see color
rods
28
rods require blank light than cones
less
29
for color vision
cones
30
cones give blank image
sharper
31
there are blank types of cones
three
32
three regions of the retina
mucula lutea, fovea centralis, optic disc
33
area of no rods
macula lutea
34
area of most cones within macula
fovea centralis
35
blind spot
optic disc
36
two cavities of eye
anterior, posterior
37
posterior cavity contains blank fluid
vitreous
38
anterior cavity has blank fluid
aqueous
39
endocrine system is blank with blank effects
slow, long term
40
endocrine system is interrelated with the blank system
nervous
41
the blank directly innervates the endocrine system
hypothalamus
42
hormones produced by specialized cell and carried in blood stream
ductless system
43
exocrine uses a blank
duct
44
endocrine hormones go to blank
everywhere
45
substance synthesized by a specific organ or tissue and secreted
hormones
46
blood carries hormones to other sites which is called blank
endocrine signaling
47
hormones secreted into extracellular spaces which is called blank
paracrine signaling
48
hormones act on blank
target cells
49
target cells have specific blank for specific hormones
receptors
50
four categories of hormones
steroids, peptides, amines, eicosanoids
51
hormones that are made of cholesterol and non polar
steroids
52
hormones that are polar
peptides
53
hormones that are derived from amino acids and are polar or non polar
amines
54
hormones that are mostly non polar and are paracrine signals
eicosanoids
55
steroids can cross blank
membranes
56
derived from tyrosine or tryptophan
amine hormones
57
some are membrane blank and others are not
soluble
58
most important amine hormones are made by blank and blank
thyroid, adrenal medulla
59
short chaiins of amino acids and are too big to cross membranes and are all pituitary hormones
peptide hormones
60
control of hormone secretion is an example of blank
negative feedback
61
in negative feedback, blank is established and it works just like a blank
homeostasis, furnace
62
hypothalamus sends signals to the body and the blank gland
pituitary
63
pituitary gland is the most important endocrine gland for blank
regulation
64
two lobes of pituitary gland
posterior, anterior
65
posterior lobe of pituitary gland does not make any blank
hormones
66
posterior lobe of pituitary is mostly for blank
hypothalamic axons
67
anterior lobe of pituitary has blank types of endocrine cells
five
68
two hypothalamic regulatory hormones of the anterior pituitary lobe
releasing, inhibiting
69
eicoanoids are mostly blank and are blank
non polar, prostaglandins
70
posterior pituitary hormone that causes contraction of muscles in uterine walls
oxytocin
71
oxytocin also causes muscles associated with milk ejection to blank as well as prostate gland
contract
72
oxytocin is significant in blank bonding
emotional
73
posterior pituitary hormone that caused kidney to decrease water excretion
antidiuretic hormon
74
antidiuretic hormone increased blank
blood volume
75
anterior pituitary hormone that causes increase in melatonin secretion
melanocyte stimulating hormone
76
anterior pituitary hormone that causes tested to produce sperm, follicular development in ovary and stimulate secretion of estrogen
follicle stimulating hormone
77
anterior pituitary hormone that promotes secretion of sex hormones and releases oocyte
luteinizing hormone
78
anterior pituitary hormone that increases size and rate of reproduction of body cells like muscles and bones
growth hormone
79
growth hormone is secreted throughout life but increases at blank
puberty
80
anterior pituitary hormone that controls secretion of thyroid hormone
thyroid stimulating hormone
81
anterior pituitary hormone that targets mammary tissue to produce milk
prolactin
82
anterior pituitary hormone that stimulates adrenal cortex to produce corticosteroids
adrenocorticotropic hormone
83
two lobes and isthmus connecting this gland
thyroid
84
thyroid is inferior to blank
larynx
85
thyroid has blank cells
follicular
86
follicular cells remove blank from blood
iodine
87
follicular cells secrete blank
T3 and T4
88
thyroid has blank cells as well
parafollicular
89
parafollicular cells make blank
calcitonin
90
thyroxine is made by follicular cells and is blank
T4
91
T3 is a thyroid hormone called
triiodothyronine
92
thyroxine is for blank
growth
93
triiodothyronine is same as T4 but is blank times more potent
five
94
parafollicular cell that is for decreasing calcium
calcitonin
95
parathyroid glands are on the blank surface of thyroid
posterior
96
parathyroid gland makes blank hormone which increased blood calcium
parathyroid hormone
97
parathyroid glands have blank cells which produce parathyroid hormone
chief cells
98
melatonin helps with blank
circadian rhythms
99
pineal gland makes blank
melatonin
100
thisis in the epithalamus and produces pineacytes
pineal gland
101
this prepares body for pregnancy
progesterone
102
the corpus luteum produces these two things
estrogens, progesterone
103
follicles produce these two things
estrogen, inhibin
104
post ovulation part of female gonads
corpus luteum
105
pre ovulation part of female gonads
follicles
106
these have follicles and the corpus luteum
female gonads
107
these cells secrete inhibin which stimulates sperm creation
nurse cells
108
male gonads have these two cells
interstitial, nurse
109
these secrete androgens like testosterone in male gonads
instersitial cells
110
pancreas cells that make somatostatin which inhibits glucagon and insulin secretion
delta
111
pancreas cells that make insulin
beta
112
pancreas cells that make glucagon
alpha
113
three cells of pancreas
alpha, beta, delta
114
pancreas has blank which are for endocrine function
islets of langerhans
115
this is posterior to the stomach and is attached to a duodenum by a duct and is exocrine and endocrine
pancreas
116
this is in the heart and suppresses aldosterone and decreases blood volume and blood pressure
atrial natriuretic peptide
117
this increases absorption of digested calcium
calcitrol
118
this is for erythrocyte production
erythropoietin
119
this starts cascade to increase blood pressure
renin
120
kidney has these three things in it
renin, erythropoietin, calcitriol
121
adrenal medulla makes these
epinephrine, norepinephrine
122
this adrenal gland is separate from adrenal cortex and has chromaffin cells which are modified postganglionic cells of the SNS
adrenal medulla
123
adrenal cortex gland that produces androgens and is for secondary sex characteristics
reticularis
124
adrenal cortex gland that produces cortisol and is for glycogen formation
fasciculata
125
adrenal cortex gland that produces aldosterone and is for sodium retention
glomerulosa
126
adrenal cortex is made up of these three adrenal glands
glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis
127
thymus is most active in blank
childhood
128
thymus produces blank
thymosin
129
gland in the thoracic cavity that is posterior to the sternum and enhances lymphocyte production and competence
thymus
130
gland in the thoracic cavity that is posterior to the sternum and enhances lymphocyte production and competence
thymus
131
thymus produces blank
thymosin
132
thymus is most active in blank
childhood
133
adrenal cortex is made up of these three adrenal glands
glomerulosa, fasciculata, reticularis
134
adrenal cortex gland that produces aldosterone and is for sodium retention
glomerulosa
135
adrenal cortex gland that produces cortisol and is for glycogen formation
fasciculata
136
adrenal cortex gland that produces androgens and is for secondary sex characteristics
reticularis
137
this adrenal gland is separate from adrenal cortex and has chromaffin cells which are modified postganglionic cells of the SNS
adrenal medulla
138
adrenal medulla makes these
epinephrine, norepinephrine
139
kidney has these three things in it
renin, erythropoietin, calcitriol
140
this starts cascade to increase blood pressure
renin
141
this is for erythrocyte production
erythropoietin
142
this increases absorption of digested calcium
calcitrol
143
this is in the heart and suppresses aldosterone and decreases blood volume and blood pressure
atrial natriuretic peptide
144
this is posterior to the stomach and is attached to a duodenum by a duct and is exocrine and endocrine
pancreas
145
pancreas has blank which are for endocrine function
islets of langerhans
146
three cells of pancreas
alpha, beta, delta
147
pancreas cells that make glucagon
alpha
148
pancreas cells that make insulin
beta
149
pancreas cells that make somatostatin which inhibits glucagon and insulin secretion
delta
150
these secrete androgens like testosterone in male gonads
instersitial cells
151
male gonads have these two cells
interstitial, nurse
152
these cells secrete inhibin which stimulates sperm creation
nurse cells
153
these have follicles and the corpus luteum
female gonads
154
pre ovulation part of female gonads
follicles
155
post ovulation part of female gonads
corpus luteum
156
follicles produce these two things
estrogen, inhibin
157
the corpus luteum produces these two things
estrogens, progesterone
158
this prepares body for pregnancy
progesterone
159
thisis in the epithalamus and produces pineacytes
pineal gland
160
pineal gland makes blank
melatonin
161
melatonin helps with blank
circadian rhythms
162
there are blank liters of blood in the human body
5
163
blood is a blank tissue
connective
164
formed elements of blood
cells
165
plasma is the blank of blood
matrix
166
two functions of blood
transport nutrients and oxygen, maintain stable cellular environment, transport metabolic wastes, transport specialized cells that defend tissues
167
plasma is blank percent of blood volume
55
168
two functions of blood plasma
transport nutrients and gases and vitamins, regulate fluid and electrolytes, maintain pH
169
blood plasma is blank percent water, blank percent protein and blank percent solutes
92, 7, 1
170
blood plasma differs from blank fluid
interstitial
171
blood plasma has a greater blank concentration than interstitial fluid
O2
172
blood plasma has a reduced blank concentration than interstitial fluid
CO2
173
there is more dissolved blank in blood plasma than interstitial fluid
proteins
174
waste solutes in blood (two)
urea, ammonia
175
three types of solutes in blood
waste, electrolytes, organic nutrients
176
majority of proteins are blank
albumin
177
albumin is the blank protein
smallest
178
albumin maintains blank pressure of blood
osmotic
179
albumin controls blank
blood volume
180
albumin transports blank materials in blood
fatty
181
there are 35 percent of blank in plasma proteins
globulins
182
two types of globulins
immunoglobulins, transport globulins
183
these plasma proteins make up four percent of plasma
fibrinogen
184
these plasma proteins are antibodies
immunoglobulins
185
these proteins bind to compounds and prevent filtering by kidneys
transport globulins
186
these plasma proteins are for blood clotting and without these, plasma is known as serum
fibrinogen
187
forty percent of blood and the amount of these are known as hematocrit
erythrocytes
188
erythrocytes are 99.9 percent of all blank
formed elements (blood cells)
189
erythrocytes structure are blank
biconcave disks
190
most organelles are blank in erythrocytes
absent
191
erythrocytes also do not have
nuclei
192
stacks of erythrocytes travelling through capillaries are called blank
rouleaux
193
there are blank hemoglobin molecules per cell of erythrocyte
280 million
194
hemoglobins make up blank percent of red blood cell proteins
95
195
there is one blank group per polypeptide of hemoglobin
heme
196
there is one blank per heme group of hemoglobin
iron
197
each iron may carry one blank molecule in hemoglobin
oxygen
198
bright red form of hemoglobin
oxyhemoglobin
199
the reverse of oxyhemoglobin and is a deep red color
deoxyhemoglobin
200
when CO2 binds to hemoglobin it is called blank
carbaminohemoglobin
201
carbaminohemoglobin accounts for blank percent of blood CO2
23
202
white blood cells are called blank
leukocytes
203
two functions of leukocytes
defend against pathogens, remove toxins and wastes, do not function in the circulatory system
204
leukocytes move into tissues from blood vessels which is called blank
diapedesis
205
diapedesis is the squeezing out of the blank
blood vessels
206
two types of leukocytes
granulocytes, agranulocytes
207
these are granulocytes that make up 60 percent of white blood cells
neutrophils
208
neutrophils have a blank nucleus and are very blank
lobed, mobile
209
neutrophils are blank and are the first defense against blank
phagocytic, microorganisms
210
these are granulocytes and make up 2 to 4 percent of white blood cells
eosinophils
211
eosinophils have a blank nucleus
bi lobed
212
eosinophils have blank granules
red
213
two functions of eosinophils
attracted to injuries, phagocytize, increase during allergic reactions
214
granulocytes that make up 1 percent of white blood cells
basophils
215
basophils have a blank shaped nucleus
s
216
basophils have blank granules
blue
217
basophils release blank and blank
histamine, anticoagulants
218
histamine attracts blank
white blood cells
219
these are agranulocytes and make up 2 to 8 percent of white blood cells
monocytes
220
monocytes are the blank cells in blood
biggest
221
two functions of monocytes
phagocytize, attract fibroblasts, first to start eating bacteria when injured
222
these are agranulocytes that make up 20 to 30 percent of white blood cells
lymphocytes
223
lymphocytes mature in blank organs
lymph
224
lymphocytes are the blank white blood cell
smallest
225
lymphocytes are non blank
phagocytic
226
lymphocytes are involved in blank
specific immunity
227
lymphocytes produce blank and destroy blank
antibodies, abnormal tissue
228
three types of lymphocytes
T cells, B cells, nk cells
229
lymphocyte that attacks foreign cells directly
t cells
230
lymphocytes that differentiate into plasmocytes that produce antibodies
b cells
231
lymphocytes that are for immune surveillance and destruction of abnormal cells
natural killer cells
232
example of abnormal cells
cancer cells
233
another name for platelets
thrombocytes
234
stopping the flow of blood (clotting)
hemostasis
235
blood clotting involves the formation of a temporary blank
patch
236
a scab pulls skin blank
together
237
scab fibers are broken down by surrounding blank
skin tissue
238
all blood cells are derived from a blank stem cell
pluripotent
239
all cells except blank are derived from the resulting blank tissue
lymphocytes, myeloid tissue
240
formation of blood cells
hemopoiesis
241
in adults, all new blood cells are produced in the blank
bone marrow
242
when you are in uterus, what makes new blood cells?
epithelial tissue
243
When you are born, these make blood cells.
liver, spleen
244
the formation of red blood cells
erythropoiesis
245
red blood cells have no blank or blank
nucleus, mitochondria
246
red blood cells last for about blank days
120
247
we replace about blank percent of red blood cells per day
1
248
there are blank red blood cells replaced per second
3 million
249
the formation of white blood cells
leukopoiesis
250
granulocytes complete their development in the blank
red marrow
251
monocytes do not complete development until they blank
exit circulatory system
252
lymphocytes mature in the blank
lymph nodes
253
lymphocytes can last for blank
several years
254
red blood cell blank has surface blank
plasmalemma, antigens
255
red blood antigens are usually blank
glycoproteins
256
antigens are blank determined
genetically
257
blank blank and blank are used to determine blood type
A, B, Rh
258
can receive any blood and produces neither antibody blood type
AB
259
type blank can receive blood from A and O but produces B antibodies
A
260
type blank can receive blood from B and O but produces A antibodies
B
261
type blank can receive O blood because they produce A and B antibodies
O
262
we produce blank for all the blank you don't have
antibodies, antigens
263
the Rh is named after the blank
rhesus macaque
264
if you have the Rh antigen you are blank
Rh+
265
If you have no Rh antigen you are blank
Rh-
266
Rh is sometimes called the blank antigen
D
267
Rh- people will only produce antibodies when exposed to the Rh blank
antigen
268
An Rh blank mother may reject a second Rh blank baby
- , +
269
two circuits of heart
pulmonary, systemic
270
circuit of heart to lungs and back and oxygenates blood
pulmonary
271
circuit of heart that is to body and back and delivers oxygen to tissues
systemic
272
the heart is inside the blank
pericardial cavity
273
heart is inside blank
mediastinum
274
the heart is blank tipped toward the inferior and left
apex
275
double serous membrane with fibrous coat that is made of several layers
pericardium
276
two layers of pericardium
parietal pericardium, epicardium
277
this is between layers of pericardium and contains serous fluid
pericardial cavity
278
outer layer of pericardium that is the outer layer and has a fibrous and areolar layer
parietal pericardium
279
this is known as the visceral pericardium and functions as a protective outer layer
epicardium
280
middle layer of the heart that is responsible for contractions and made of cardiac muscle
myocardium
281
this is the inner layer of the heart and lines and protects chambers and valves and is continuous with endothelium of heart blood vessels
endocardium
282
cells of heart are all connected by blank
intercalated discs
283
these are superior to the ventricles and receive blood from blank
atria, veins
284
atria have blank which are flaps where blood pools
auricles
285
these are inferior chambers of heart that force blood out to arteries
ventricles
286
left ventricles are blank than right
thicker/stronger
287
left ventricle is blank
round
288
right ventricle goes to the blank
lungs
289
we have two ventricles because humans have a blank
high metabolism
290
two atrioventricular valves
bicuspid, tricuspid
291
tricuspid valve is aka right blank valve
av
292
tricuspid valve on the blank
right
293
tricuspid valve opens when blank force is greater and closes when blank force is greater
atrial, ventricular
294
bicuspid valve is on the blank
left
295
these hold valves in place and attach to cusps on ventricle side
chordae tendonae
296
small bundles of muscles that attach to the chordae tendonae
papillary muscles
297
when valves close, papillary muscles blank
contract and tighten cords
298
scaffolding on interior walls of ventricles
trabeculae carneae
299
valves between ventricle and artery
semilunar
300
valve on the right at the entrance to the pulmonary trunk and opens when right blank contracts
pulmonary, ventricle
301
valve on the left at entrance to aorta and opens when left blank contracts
aortic, ventricle
302
right atrium receives blood from blank and blank plus the coronary sinus
superior and inferior vena cava
303
path of blood
right atrium, right av valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary trunk, to lungs, left atrium, left av valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta, to tissues
304
funnel leading from right ventricle to pulmonary trunk
conus arteriosus
305
receives blood from pulmonary veins
left atrium
306
supplies the heart tissues with blood and blockage can result in a heart tissue dying
coronary circulation
307
these branch directly off of the aorta as it emerges
coronary arteries
308
left coronary artery has these two branches
circumflex, anterior interventricular artery
309
right coronary artery has these two branches
posterior interventricular artery, marginal artery
310
these drain the myocardium
cardiac veins
311
three cardiac veins
great, middle, small
312
this empties into the right atrium
coronary sinus
313
contractile phase of heart where chamber empties
systole
314
relaxation phase of heart and chambers fill
diastole
315
lub is when the blank valves close
av
316
dup is when the blank valves close
semilunar
317
heart beat is enabled by these two things
nodal cells, conducting fibers
318
specialized muscle cells that conduct action potentials in the heart
nodal cells
319
distributes stimulus to myocardium in heart
conducting fibers
320
action potentials move down the heart causing it to contract blank
unevenly
321
blank contract before blank
atria, ventricles
322
conduction in the heart is a blank step process
5
323
the pacemaker of the heart that spontaneously depolarizes
sinoatrial node
324
sa node is located at the blank of the right atrium
back wall
325
where four chambers meet
atrioventricular node
326
signal is transmitted through av node by
interventricular pathways
327
this transmits down interventricular septum
av bundle
328
these branch off the av bundle and moves further down the septum
bundle branches
329
these reflect up external wall of ventricle and extend into papillary muscles
purkinje fibers
330
three parts of ekg
p wave, qrs, t wave
331
depolarization of atria in ekg
p wave
332
depolarization of ventricle in ekg
qrs
333
repolarization of ventricle in ekg
t wave
334
cardiac output is blank liters per minute
5
335
spontaneous contractions of heart
autorhymicity
336
these chemicals increase rate and force of heart contraction
norepinephrine, epinephrine
337
two parts of neural control in medulla
cardioacceleratory centers, cardioinhibitory centers
338
these centers in medulla release norepinephrine and increase heart rate
cardioacceleratory center
339
center in medulla that releases ach and decreases heart rate
cardioinhibitory center
340
this structure specifically delivers tears from the lacrimal sac to the nasal cavity
nasolacrimal duct
341
hormone primarily produced by the nurse cells of the male gonads
inhibin
342
postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system may originate at the blank
collateral ganglia
343
postganglionic fibers do not always synapse at the blank
adrenal gland
344
in the ans, the preganglionic fibers are always blank
efferent
345
the neurons in the retina that form the optic nerve
ganglion cells
346
baroreceptors are not blank
proprioceptors
347
the otolitic membrane is in the blank
saccule
348
insulin is produced by blank cells and blanks sugar levels
beta, decrease
349
damage to the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex would result in the decreased ability to convert blank into blank
lipids, glucose
350
the posterior pituitary gland releases blank
ADH
351
this hormone decreases the concentration of calcium ions in body fluids
calcitonin
352
true or false, the choroid plexus reabsorbs cerebrospinal fluid
FALSE
353
beta receptors in the ans respond to epinephrine only and target respiratory muscles
TRUE
354
fungiform is a type of gustatory receptor cell
FALSE
355
all pituitary hormones are peptide hormones
TRUE
356
carry blood away from heart
artery
357
these are exchange vessels
capillaries
358
these return blood to heart
veins
359
blank does not distinguish arteries from veins
oxygen
360
smooth surface for blood flow and simple squamous epithelium
endothelium
361
this provides elasticity to withstand blood pressure changes
connective tissue
362
smooth muscle causes blank and blank in blood vessels
vasoconstriction, vasodilation
363
innermost layer of blood vessel and is endothelium on top of connective tissue membrane
tunica intima
364
middle layer of blood vessel that is the bulk of the wall and has smooth muscle and elastic connective tissue
tunica media
365
outer thin layer of connective tissue that is elastic and collagenous fibers
adventitia (tunica externa)
366
tunica externa attaches artery to blank
surrounding tissues
367
tunica externa have blank which are blood vessels of blood vessels because they are so thick
vasa vasorum
368
arteries are blank and blank
strong, elastic
369
arteries are subdivided into blank
arterioles
370
artery walls are blank than veins
thicker
371
artery lumen appears blank than veins
smaller
372
artery blank can not contract but veins can
endothelium
373
blank arteries and have a large diameter and in areas of high pressure
elastic
374
elastic arteries have a blank which has less smooth muscle and a high percentage of elastic tissue
media
375
two examples of elastic arteries
pulmonary trunk, aorta, carotid, subclavian, common iliacs
376
type of artery that is a large to small diameter and carry blood to skeletal muscles and organs
muscular
377
microscopic continuations of arteries
arterioles
378
arterioles have a blank diameter and adventitia is blank
small, thin
379
arterioles have no external blank membrane
elastic
380
arterioles have no blank
vasa vasorum
381
capillaries consist of only blank
intima
382
capillaries have variable blank
permeability
383
two materials exchanged in capillaries
nutrients, dissolved gases, wastes
384
capillary permeability is maximized by a blank wall and low blank
thin, blood pressure
385
permeability in a capillary is thanks to blank across endothelial cells
diffusion
386
diffusion in capillaries can also be through blank between endothelium
gaps
387
diffusion through blank also provide for permeability in capillaries
pores
388
this type of permeability in capillaries that is active transport
vesicular transport with pinocytes
389
continuous capillaries have many tight blank, blank, and blank
junctions, desmosomes, pinocytes
390
continuous capillaries allow movement by blank diffusion or blank transport
passive, active
391
locations of continuous capillaries
central nervous system, skeletal muscles, lungs
392
capillaries with a Swiss cheese appearance because they have pores
fenestrated
393
two locations of fenestrated capillaries
kidneys, intestines, endocrine glands, choroid plexus
394
capillaries that are specialized for max exchange and have large intercellular gaps and pores
sinusoid capillaries
395
in sinusoid capillaries there is a discontinuous blank membrane which allows cells to blank
basement, enter/exit
396
a network of interconnected capillaries
capillary beds
397
capillary beds are derived from blank
arterioles
398
part of capillary beds that manages blood flow to bed
precapillary sphincters
399
part of capillary beds that are a direct connection through the bed and leads to a thoroughfare channel
metarterioles
400
part of capillary bed that has collateral arteries
anastomoses
401
collateral arteries are two arteries blank
fused
402
in collateral arteries there are twice as much blank that supplies the arteries
blood
403
collateral arteries are found in areas with high blank demands
O2
404
part of anastomoses that has a direct connection between arteriole and venule
arteriovenous anastomosis
405
blood flow may be hindered by posture in blank
arteriovenous anastomosis
406
smallest veins that collect blood from capillaries
venules
407
venules can lack a blank
media
408
venules have a minimal amount of blank sometimes
smooth muscles
409
these are veins that are 2-9 mm in diameter and have thin media
medium sized veins
410
medium sized veins have few smooth blank
muscle fibers
411
great veins, superior/inferior vena cava, and their tributaries are considered blank
large sized veins
412
large sized veins have a blank media
thin
413
large sized veins have a blank blood pressure
low
414
these are flap like structures projecting inward
venous valves
415
venous valves are folds of blank and are found in blank
media, extremities
416
veins have a low blank
blood pressure
417
valves prevent blank flow of blood
back
418
blank helps pump which helps movement of movement of blood through veins
skeletal muscles
419
expansion of the thoracic cavity makes up this pump and is for movement of blood through veins
thoracoabdominal pump
420
blood distribution of the body is blank
uneven
421
oxygenated blood in the arteries make up blank of blood
3-Jan
422
deoxygenated venous blood makes up blank of blood
3-Feb
423
veins blank during blood loss
contract
424
the uneven blood flow creates a blank
blood reservoir
425
deoxygenated blood goes to lungs from right ventricle which is called the blank circuit
pulmonary
426
blood is oxygenated in blank capillaries of lungs
alveolar
427
in pulmonary circuit, blood is brought to blank then to blank
left atrium, left ventricle
428
veins are blank in pulmonary circuit
oxygenated
429
arteries are blank in pulmonary circuit
deoxygenated
430
oxygenated blood goes ffrom left ventricle to body in this circuit
systemic
431
this is a network of vessels that aid in circulation of body fluids and is closely associated with the cardiovascular system
lymphatic system
432
lymphatic system produces, maintains, and distributes blank
lymphocytes
433
lymphatic system maintains normal blank and blank fluid volume
blood, interstitial
434
lymphatic system is an alternate route for the transport of blank
materials
435
transport fluid of lymphatic vessels
lymph
436
four sizes of lymphatic vessels
small lymphatic capillaries, medium lymphatic vessels, large lymphatic trunks, lymphatic ducts
437
lymphatic blank are the end of the line for lymphatic system
ducts
438
lymphatic vessels are absent in blank and blank
cns, avascular tissue
439
lymph is a fluid blank
connective tissue
440
lymph only occurs in the blank vessels
lymphatic
441
lymph is derived from these three things
interstitial fluid, lymphocytes, macrophages
442
lymph originates from blank
plasma
443
water and dissolved materials leak out of capillaries due to blank and blank
diffusion, filtration
444
blank liters per day enters interstitial spaces
27
445
interstitial fluid lacks blank and has low blank
proteins, oxygen
446
interstitial fluid moves into the lymphatic capillaries and is now known as blank
lymph
447
blank percent of interstitial fluid is absorbed
90
448
blank from tissues will go into lymph
residue
449
lymphatic capillaries are blank ended tubes
closed
450
lymphatic capillaries are in blank
interstitial spaces
451
lymphatic capillaries have a blank diameter, blank walls, flat and blank than blood vessels
larger, thinner, irregular
452
lymphatic vessels are blank and permeable
fenestrated
453
these are formed by the merging of lymph capillaries and are similar to veins and merge to form trunks, and travel with arteries of same size
medium lymphatic vessels
454
four parts of medium lymphatic vessels
interna, media, adventitia, valves
455
these are named for the region they drain like lumbar, intestinal, broncomediastinal, subclavian, jugular
lymphatic trunks
456
lymphatic trunks drain into blank
ducts
457
there are blank lymphatic ducts
two
458
two lymphatic ducts
thoracic, right lymphatic
459
lymphatic ducts deliver lymph to blank circulation at blank
venous, subclavians
460
at lymphatic ducts, lymph is reintroduced to blank
bloodstream
461
lymph becomes a part of blank and is circulated after lymphatic ducts
plasma
462
lymphatic duct that drains lower body, left arm, head and neck
thoracic
463
thoracic duct route arises from blank
cisterna chyli
464
thoracic duct goes through the blank and ascends in front of the blank column
diaphragm, vertebral
465
thoracic duct empties into blank
left subclavian vein
466
lymphatic duct that drains right side of head and neck and right arm
right lymphatic duct
467
lymphatic ducts unevenly blank fluid from body
drain
468
this lymphatic duct does the majority of draining
thoracic
469
thoracic duct is much longer and drains the entire blank half of the body
inferior
470
blank lymphatic duct drains into blank vein
right, subclavian
471
blank occur at bulges in lymphatic vessels
valves
472
valves prevent blank
backflow
473
pressure is lower in blank than in veins
lymphatics
474
lymph is moved using similar methods to blank
veins
475
if drainage does not occur of lymph it is called blank
lymphedema
476
primary cells of the lymphoid system and have an immune response to foreign antigens
lymphocytes
477
lymphocytes originate in the blank
bloodstream
478
lymphocytes move to blank and go into blank
peripheral tissues, lymph
479
lymphocytes return to the blank after going into lymph
bloodstream
480
blank cells mature in the thymus
t
481
these lymphocytes originate and develop in the bone marrow
b cells
482
lymphocytes are stimulated by an blank to produce blank
antigen, antibodies
483
lymphocytes can become activated upon exposure to the same blank at a later date
antigen
484
lymphocytes that originate in the bone marrow but develop in the thymus
t cells
