anatomy mid term Flashcards
(98 cards)
1
Q
directs stimuli response, coordinates activities in other systems
A
nervous
1
Q
protects against environmental hazards , produces hair
A
Integumentary
2
Q
allows movement, produces heat
A
muscular
3
Q
produces cells and hormones
A
reproductive
4
Q
gas exchanges with the outside environment
A
respiratory
5
Q
heart and veins, transports nutrients wastes and gases
A
cardiovascular
6
Q
-reduces the change
-Stabilizes: Helps maintain homeostasis
-happens all the time
-Returns to normal
-Temperature change
A
negative feedback
7
Q
-Enhances/increases the change
-pushes the system away from starting state
-speed up/amplify/more
-Childbirth
-Blood clotting
A
positive feedback
8
Q
what is the difference between anatomy and physiology
A
Anatomy:
-the study of the structure of the body and its parts
-The “what” and “where” things are
physiology:
-The study of the function of the body and its parts
-the “why” and “how” things work
9
Q
acromial
A
shoulder
10
Q
axiallary
A
armpit
11
Q
brachial
A
arm
12
Q
buccal
A
cheek
13
Q
calcaneal
A
heel
14
Q
carpal
A
wrist
15
Q
cranial
A
skull
16
Q
femoral
A
thigh
17
Q
gluteal
A
butt
18
Q
oral
A
mouth
19
Q
otic
A
eye
20
Q
popliteal
A
back of the knee
21
Q
umbilical
A
umbilicus or naval
22
Q
epithelial tissue functions
A
-physical protections
-permeability control
-sensation trigger
-specialized glandular secretions
23
Q
epithelial tissue characteristics
A
-cells closely packed
-apical cells exposed to external or internal surface
-cells attached to basement membrane
-avascualr
-cells continually replaced
24
connective tissue functions
-structural framework
-fluid and solute transportation
-physical protection
-tissue interconnections
-fat storage
-microorgansim defense
25
connective tissue characteristics
-specialized cells
-extra cellular matrix
26
muscle tissue function
Contractions for movement of body or substances
27
muscle tissue characteristics
Capable of contraction
Actin filaments
Myosin filaments
28
nervous tissue function
Conduct electrical impulses
Transfer, process, and store information
29
nervous tissue characteristics
neuron characteristics
30
what type of fibers found in connective tissue give it its strength
collagen fibers
-thick and strong
-found in tendons, ligaments, and skin
31
which cartilage is between bones at joints
Larynx, trachea, bronchi
Nasal septum
hyaline
32
bone tissue function
Support
Leverage for movement
33
bone tissue structure
Osteocytes
Collagen fibers
Calcium salts
34
bone tissue location
skeleton
35
fibrocartilage function
resists compression and prevents bone to bone contact
36
fibrocartilage location
between vertebrae
between pubic bones
knee padding
37
dense connective tissue function
firm attachment for muscles and bone
38
dense connective tissue structure/appearance
collagen fibers
fibroblast nuclei
tendons
39
dense connective tissue location
between skeletal muscle and bone
covers skeletal muscle and some organs
40
adipose function
Padding
Cushions shocks
insulation
Energy storage
41
adipose strucutre/appearence
adipocytes
42
adipose location
Beneath skin
surrounding organs
buttocks and breasts
43
blood function
transport nutrients, wastes, hormones around the body
44
blood stucture/appearence
RBCs
WBCs
platelets
plasma
45
blood location
in blood vessels and heart
46
skeletal muscle function
movement, posture
support, storage
heat production
47
skeletal muscle structure/appearance
striated
multiple nuclei
voluntary
48
cardiac muscle function
pumps blood
maintains heart beat
ensures oxygen delivery
49
cardiac muscle appearence/strucutre
striated
one nucleus
involuntary
50
stratified squamous function
protections against abrasions, pathogens and chemicals
51
stratified squamous structure/appearance
stem cells
basement membrane
52
stratifed squamous location
tongue, skin, inside of mouth
53
simple squamous function
covering of organs and cavities, reduces friction
secretion and absorption (help of cilia)
54
simple squamous structure/appearance
-connective tissue, cytoplasm, nucleus, basement membrane
-boxy shaped cells
55
simple squamous location
alveoli lining
blood vessel lining
body cavity lining
56
what are the main functions of the skeletal system
support against gravity
storage
blood cell production
protection of soft internal organs
leverage for muscle action
57
how are compact bone and spongy bone different ?
spongy bone:
trabeculae
spaces for marrow
in epiphysis
compact bone:
osteons
dense matrix
the outer layer of all bones
58
What are the key features of the osteon unit of compact bone?
rings of matrix
59
what is the difference between osteoblasts and osteoclasts
osteoblasts:
builds new bone during remodeling
osteoclasts: break down done during remodeling
60
long bone example
humerus
61
short bone example
carpel bones
62
flat bones example
pariteal bones
63
irregular bones example
vertebrae
64
what is the function of epiphyseal plate? How can it help you to tell if a person is an adult or child?
epiphyseal plate is growth plates. adults growth plates are fused and children's are not which allows them to tell the difference between an adult and child
65
depression or projection: fossa
depression
66
depression or projection: trochanter
projection
67
depression or projection: foramen
depression
68
depression or projection: epicondyle
projection
69
depression or projection: line
projection
70
endocondrial ossification
cartilage replaced by bone; long bones
71
intramembranous ossification
produces spongy bone, then compact bone
flat bones
72
skull, sternum, thoracic cage, sacrum, vertebral column, ribs
axial skeleton
73
shoulder/pectoral girdle
upper limbs
lower limbs
pelvic girdle
clavicle
scapula
appendicular skeleton
74
difference between floating ribs and true ribs
true ribs:
directly attached to sternum
first 7 pairs of ribs
floating ribs:
not attached to the sternum
the last 2 pairs of ribs
75
glenoid cavity and acromion
scapula
76
bone that articulates with the ribs anteriorly
sternum
77
bones that have costal facets for the ribs
thoracic vertebrae
78
bone you sit on
coxal, ischium
79
bone that have olcreanon and styloid process
ulna
80
bone that has the greater and lesser trochanter
femur
81
which type of joint is immoveable
ex. head, ribs, coxal bone/sacrum
syntharoses
82
which type of joint is slightly moveable
ex. vertebrae
amphiarthroses
83
which type of joint is freely moveable
ex. shoulder, knee
diarthroses
84
thick filaments
myosin
85
thin filaments
actin
86
in one sentence describe how muscles contract
when actin and myosin slide past each other power by ATP in response to signal from the nervous system.
87
why can't actin and myosin connect all the time? what blocks it? how it is moved to allow contraction
tropomyosin and troponin block the active sites now allowing the actin and myosin filaments to connect. The sarcoplasmic reticulum releases calcium moving the tropomysonin and troponin to move.
88
function of acetylcholine (Ach)
gets the signal to contract across the synaptic cleft
89
function of t-tubules
allows the action potential to get into the muscle cell
90
do nerve cells and muscle cells actually touch? what is their connection called?
no, the connection between the two is called neuromuscular junction.
the gap between the two is called the synaptic cleft.
91
what is a motor unit
consists of a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls.
92
how is a muscle twitch different from a tetanic contraction
Muscle twitch—A brief contraction-relaxation response to a single action potential
Complete tetanus—Tension is steady (no relaxation phase) and largest if stimuli arrive at very high rates. Maximum tension
93
what is the function of creatine phosphate (CP) in muscle contractions
provides longer-term energy storage in muscle cells.
94
what is the recovery period? what happens during that time?
The recovery period is the time after a muscle contraction when the muscle returns to its normal resting state.
The recovery period ensures the muscle is ready for the next contraction and helps prevent fatigue.
95
what is the difference between isometric contraction and what are examples of each?
Isotonic:
tension stays same, muscle length changes
doing a pushup
Isometric
tension varies, muscle length stays constant
holding a plank
96
97
