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History midterm Flashcards

1
Q

Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts and New Hampshire

A

New England colonies

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2
Q

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Delaware

A

Middle colonies

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3
Q

Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia

A

Southern colonies

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4
Q

Colonists relationship with the native Americans

A

Indians taught the colonists how to grow tobacco
Later colonists tried to enable the Indians however they were too advanced
Their relationship was very positive at first but turned more negative once the colonists started treating them poorly

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5
Q

City upon a hill

A

Closer to god if they were “up on a hill” ( in Massachusetts)
Massachusetts should be the example for everyone else to look up to
Mentioned by John withdrop in a sermon
This phrase had a lasting impact on American identity and the beilef in American exceptionalism

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6
Q

-proved that it was possible to over throw the laws set in place
-region: Jamestown, Virginia
-unable to move up in economic status and gain land profit ( they didn’t get land they were guaranteed at the end of their servitude)
-they stoned Jamestown to wreak havoc and send a message
- appointed by general bacon
-limitations on trade with the natives
-most violet rebellion in history
-rights to vote as well as suffrage rights were granted

A

Bacons rebellion

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7
Q

The belief that a country’s wealth and power came from getting resources and trade from other regions that they can’t produce themselves

A

Mercantilism

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8
Q

A series of laws passed by England to control colonial trade and ensure that not goods were transported on English trips
These acts restricted colonial trade to benefit the British economy
Helped shape the relationship between the colonies and England

A

Navigation acts

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9
Q

Live a simple life
Seeked inner peace and promoting peace in the world
Value honesty and respect
Emphasized the importance of community and believed equality was a fundamental principle for the quakers
Disliked slavery
Better relationship with the natives because they viewed everyone as equal
They passifissts

A

Quaker values

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10
Q

Founded Massachusetts
The whole purpose of their government was to enforce God’s laws and this applied to both believers and non-believers
Only church leaders could govern
Believe in God as your Lord and Savior.
Follow the Commandments and his Ordinance through your everyday life
Use God as a way to come together as a community.
He came up with a City Upon A Hill

A

John Winthrop

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11
Q

Led Bacon’s Rebellion in Virginia against the colonial government
It was a significant event that highlighted the tensions between the wealthy and the poor
Tensions between colonial government and the Native American Tribes

A

Nathaniel bacon

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12
Q

An important figure in colonial America
He was a Quaker and the founder of Pennsylvania
Established the colony as a safe haven for religious freedom and tolerance
his vision for Pennsylvania included fair treatment for the Native Americans and a representative government
His ideas had a lasting impact on the US

A

William Penn

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13
Q

Prominant figure during the colonial era
She was a Puritan woman who challenged the religious authorities of the time
She held religious meetings in her home and questioned the teachings of Puritan leaders
Led to her trial and eventual banisment from the Massachusetts Bay Colony
Moved to Rhode Island

A

Ann Hutchison

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14
Q

Regional economies in the colonies:

A

The New England Colonies relied heavily on fishing, shipbuilding, and trade

The Middle colonies had a more diverse economy with agriculture, trade, and manufacturing

The Southern Colonies had an economy centered around cash crops like tobacco, rice, and indigo, which were cultivated on large plantations using enslaved labor.

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15
Q

Colonial Lifestyle:

A

Split by the New England, Middle, and Southern Colonies

Religion and Purtitan influence in the New England colonies

Middle colonies were more religiously diverse (French eugonits, different pacifist groups, quakers)

Southern colony religion was based around different forms of protestantism
Southern was more agricultural
Wealthy people lived closer to the coast (near waterways)
Larger cities in the North, more rural areas in the south

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16
Q

Purposes for settlement

A

New Engand - English people moved for religious and job opportunities

Middle colonies - moved for land freedom and jobs

Southern - Moved for open land and chances to make money

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17
Q

Colonists (British) and Native Americans fought against the French and Indians

A

french and Indian war

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18
Q

Causes of the french and Indian War

A

Economy dispute over fur trade
Fur is the biggest driver of the conflict
Land disputes along the Ohio River Valley
Britain and France are the two biggest naval powers
Fighting over mercantilism
Fighting over Ohio River Valley

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19
Q

Effects of the french and indian War

A

French have lost all land in North America

Proclamation line of 1763: colonies are not supposed to go west of it.

All colonies live east, all native americans live west.

Massive debt for British and France
New taxes and laws passed without colonial assemblies

Beginning of parliamentary sovereignty (English officials assumed that Parliament must have ultimate authority over ALL laws & taxes)

Crackdown on smuggling

No respect on either side of the relationship between British and colonists

Britain and France became rivals

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20
Q

Issued by the British government after the French and Indian War
It was aimed to prevent conflicts with Native Americans by prohibiting colonial settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains
Limited westward expansion and created tension between the colonists and British government
All colonists live east of the Appalachian Mountains and Native Americans live west of the Appalachian Mountains

A

Proclamation of 1763

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21
Q

Short term impact of the french and indian war

A

France lost all land in North America (for the time being)
Left British with a large debt → increased taxes on the colonists
Limited westward expansion

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22
Q

Long Term Impact of the french and indian War

A

Toxic relationship between the colonists and Great Britain
French lost land in North America → British dominance → American Revolution
The victory for the British fueled their arrogance and belief in authority over the colonies

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23
Q

Cause: Established to help replenish their finances after the costly Seven Years’ War with France
Definition - An act that put revenue stamps on most printed papers in the colonies, including all legal documents, newspapers, pamphlets, etc.
Impact - Repealed w/ in a year b/c of protests, Sons of Liberty & Stamp Act Congress (1st colonial assembly)
Merchants that were selling the goods stopped getting taxed, and now the buyers were being taxed.
Used to support the military and pay off debt from the French and Indian War

A

stamp act

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24
Q

Stamp Act Congress

A

Discussed rights and brought together leaders from different colonies
United America in a way because they were all talking and discussing

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25
a grassroots group of instigators and provocateurs in colonial America who used an extreme form of civil disobedience—threats, and in some cases actual violence—to intimidate loyalists and outrage the British government. The goal of the radicals was to push moderate colonial leaders into a confrontation with the British Crown.
the sons of liberty
26
actions of the sons of liberty
The Sons of Liberty rallied support for colonial resistance through the use of petitions, assemblies, and propaganda, and they sometimes resorted to violence against British officials.
27
impacts of the sons of liberty
The Sons of Liberty effectively undermined British rule, paving the way to America's independence. Moreover, the Daughters of Liberty helped to pave the way for later women's groups that did even more to support the American Revolutionary War or to care for wounded soldiers
28
Social Contract
It was the idea that government exists with consent of the governed that led the revolutionaries to break free of Britain. It sets out what the government can and cannot do. The term "social contract" refers to the idea that the state exists only to serve the will of the people, who are the source of all political power enjoyed by the state.
29
The battles occured over a span of 9 days (December 26, 1776-January 3, 177) Notable as the first successes won by the Revolutionary general, George Washington in the open field The victories restored American morale and renewed confidence in Washington
The battle of Trenton + Princeton
30
September 19, 1777 - October 7, 1777 The Americans used new strategies called the guerilla tactics- developed by Green Mountain Boys - nontraditional tactic Americans were spirited and held hope Showed British laziness and failure to reinforce One of the turning points of the American Revolution It convinced the French to give the U.S. Military support - Ben Franklin It ended the British threat in New England by taking control of the Hudson River Showed the French that the Americans had potential to beat their enemy- the British It showed the British how important mercantilism was - if they lost the war then they would lose everything RESULT: The British surrendered and changed their strategy
Battle of Saratoga
31
Causes of the Revolution
Colonial opposition to British control Taxation without representation French and Indian War - left Britain with a huge debt so they started taxing the American colonies to pay for it The colonists felt it was unfair, provoking their desire for independence
32
Common sense
It establishes the idea that no singular ruler should not be ruling overall Thomas Paine writes Common Sense in January of 1776 to convince people that if they have common sense, they would realize that monarchy is bad and that they should get independence. They need to break from England
33
Declaration of independence
By issuing the Declaration of Independence, adopted by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, the 13 American colonies severed their political connections to Great Britain. The Declaration summarized the colonists' motivations for seeking independence. Four main ideas expressed in the declaration: equality, unalienable rights, consent of the governed, and the right to alter or abolish the government The committee included John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Robert R. Livingston, and Roger Sherman. Accomplishments: Declared the colonies’ independence from Britain, established the rights of individuals and inspired other revolutions around the world. It laid the foundation for the formation of the United States as a democratic nation
34
He is credited as the founder of modern “liberal” thought, he pioneered the ideas of natural law, social contract, religious toleration, and the right to revolution that proved essential to both the American Revolution and the US Constitution that followed He is notable for making the statement that all men have the right to pursue “Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Property” in the Declaration of Independence His notion of the social contract influenced American colonists by bringing back the ideas that allowed them to fight for their natural born rights and overthrow a government that refused to protect them
John Locke
35
In 1776, he established the Common Sense, a strong defense of American Independence from England (convinced many Americans that it was time to declare independence from Britain) He traveled with the Continental Army and wasn’t a success as a soldier, but he produced The American Crisis (1776-1783)(Made to urge colonists to join and fight against British
Thomas Paine
36
(1732-99) was commander in chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War (1775-83) His leadership during the winter of 1777-1778 at Valley Forge was a testament to his power to inspire his men to keep going. was appointed commander of the Continental Army in 1775. Despite having little experience in commanding large, conventional military forces, his leadership presence and fortitude held the American military together long enough to secure victory at Yorktown and independence for his new nation in 1781. served two terms as the first U.S. president, from 1789 to 1797
George washington
37
Washington appointed him as general during Valley Forge He was the reason for successful training of soldiers/camps His training methods compared to none other and he could make great soldiers out of regular people
Frederich von Steuben
38
Signer of the Declaration of Independence Part of the Massachusetts Provincial Congress
Samuel Adams
39
A group of states united under a weak central government
Confederation
40
causes of the articles of confederation
They needed a new government after the American Revolution so they came up with the Ariticles of Confederation It was a loose affiliation of states under a central government Benjamin Franklin was inspired by the Native Americans and proposed the A.O.C. which were presented a year later by Dickinson with minor changes (rejected)
41
Effects of the articles of confederation
Many weren’t ready to give so much power to the central government The US Constitution It officially established the government of the union of the thirteen states 1st governing document of the US
42
Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
National government can’t impose taxes No National currency No National court system No national executive branch No power to regulate trade between states
43
MA farmer and Revolutionary War veteran High taxes and debt led to property seizures Many farmers had debt and couldn’t pay Marched towards Springfield, MA August 1786- June 1787 Put down by state militia This event exposes the weaknesses in the Articles of Confederation (farmers aren’t getting paid because states can’t issue taxes) Land is getting taken from farmers, that’s how they’re “paying” off their debt Highlighted the need for a stronger central government
Shays rebellion
44
Age requirements: House of reps, senate, president
House of Representatives- 25 years old, seven year citizen of US, and resident of the state Senate- 30 years old, nine year citizen of the US, and resident of the state President- Natural born citizen, 35 years old, resident of the US for 14 years
45
is a group of people who represent the state. Some states with bigger populations have more representation. Made up of 538 votes used to elect the president and vice president. These votes are divided amongst the states depending on population.
Electoral college
46
How Constitution fixed Articles of Confederation
Creation of the three branches of government- judicial, legislative, and executive Made the government more balanced and ensured that not one part of government had more power than another Gave more power to the federal government
47
Three branches of government - judicial, legislative, and executive Ensured no single branch if government had too much power
Checks and balences
48
Carries out laws (President) Veto bills and signs bills Signs foreign policies
Executive
49
Makes laws (House of Representatives and Senate) Declares war Tax and spend Approve treaties Can impeach
Legislative
50
Evaluates laws (Supreme Court and other courts) Interprets laws Applying laws to individual cases Decides if a law violates constitution
Judicial Power
51
Goals: Stronger government, because state governments were too close to the people and seemed to change laws at the slightest whim. Had support from Northern + cities
Federalists supported ratification of the constitution
52
Believed the new federal government was too powerful, too remote from the people, had a presidency that may produce a king (monarchy), and did not contain a list of rights to the people Overal reasoning: They believed that they were the main voice reiterating the original goals made for America during the Revolution against the British They ended up getting the Bill of Rights Had support from the southern + rural
Anti-federalists didn’t support the ratification of the constitution
53
One of the founding fathers of the US Wrote Federalist Papers First chief justice of the US Involved in negotiating the Treaty of Paris which officially ended the American Revolution
John Jay
54
Federalist One of the founding fathers Had a strong advocate for a strong central government Played an important role in writing the Federalist Papers A series of essays supporting the ratification of the Constitution
Alexander hamilton
55
Anti-Federalist Strong advocate for individual liberties and played a key rolein drafting the Declaration of Independence
Thomas Jefferson
56
Created the Virginia plan Asked for representation based on population Believed it wasn’t fair for bigger states to have the same amount of representatives as the smaller states because they had more people to account for
James Madison
57
Federalist Beliefs
Wanted a stronger central government More power given to the federal government Supported a loose interpretation of the Constitution and believed that it granted implied powers to the government Favored a strong economy and national bank
58
Democratic-Republican Beliefs
Believed in limited government power and favored state governments Supported a strict interpretation of the Constitution and believed that the federal government should only have powers directly granted to it Advocated the rights of farmers and common people Believed in a decentralized economy and were skeptical of the national bank Valued individual liberties
59
Established the US as neutral, they would not “choose” sides Refrained from joining French Revolution Both Great Britain and France thought the US should help them but US declined Knew the effects would be harmful Upset the French deeply because they helped the US in the French Revolution
Proclomation of Neutrality
60
People could deposit government funds and it would provide the basis for a stable currency Apart of Hamilton’s financial plan Disliked by Jefferson
National bank
61
Alien & Sedition Acts
Occured during John Adams Presidency Sedition Made it a crime to criticize the government or its officials, especially through speech or press Very controversial as it violated the first amendment Alien Allowed the president to deport or imprison any non-citizen Targeted immigrants
62
Election between Thomas Jefferson and John Adams Highly contentious and intense campaign Both sides were fiercely competing for the presidency Thomas Jefferson emerged as the winner, becoming the third president of the US Federalist party declines and Jeffersonian democracy rises
Election of 1800
63
Occured during Thomas Jefferson’s presidency Bought land extending from Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains from the French Doubled the size of the US The US then had more fertile land and navigation (Mississippi River) Opened new opportunities
Louisiana purchase
64
Centered around the idea of agrarianism and promoting the interest of farmers (cultivating land) He believed in a decentralized economy where agriculture played a very important role Aimed to reduce the influence of banks and promote small-scale farming as the foundation of the nation’s economy Embargo Act
Jefferson Economic Policy
65
His speech when leaving his position as president
Washinton farewell address
66
Highlighted the significance of maintaining good and healthy relationships with other countries
Dependent relationships (Washington farewell speech)
67
Warned against the dangers of political factions and the harmful effect that it could have on the US
Political factions (Washington Farewell address)
68
Urged no permanent alliances and to keep peaceful relationships with everyone
Foreign Alliances (Washington farewell speech)
69
Realized a separation of powers and a system of checks and balances would prevent any certain branch of the government from becoming too powerful. Also protected personal liberties of the people which pleased the citizens.
Checks and balances (Washington Farewell speech)
70
Interpretation of the constitution: Loose + Strict
Loose: People believe that the Constitution should be able to adapt to changing times and circumstances This perspective allows for more flexibility in applying the Constitution’s principles to modern situations Strict: People believed that the Constitution should be interpreted exactly as written
71
Foreign policy of the first 5 presidents: Washington, Adams, Jefferson, James Madison, James Monroe
Washington- Focused on establishing neutrality and wanted to avoid becoming involved in alliances and conflicts (Issued Neutrality Proclamation) Adams- Tried to negotiate a peaceful resolution through diplomacy rather than going to war which resulted in the signing of the Convention of 1800 Jefferson- pursued a policy of territorial expansion and protection of American Interests. He authorized the Louisiana Purchase, doubling the size of the US, and implemented the Embargo Act of 1807 to protect American shipping during conflicts between Britain and France James Madison- Dealt with the War of 1812 against Britain. This war was fought to defend American maritime rights and resist British interference. It ended with the Treaty of Ghent which restored pre-war boundaries James Monroe- Known for the Monroe Doctrine, which states that the US would not tolerate European colonization or intervention in the Americas
72
Causes of the war of 1812
Voting for declaring war passed in both Senate and the house US ships were demanded to stop in Britain for inspection (British Blockade) Impressment US trade restrictions (Embargo Act of 1807) (Orders in Council) (Non-Intercourse Act of 1809) British support of Native Americans Chesapeake Affair
73
Effects of the war of 1812
Temporary unity Era of Good Feelings America wanted to expand west New England threatened to secede Sectionalism Improvement of relationship between US and Britain US defeating the Native Americans gave them access to further westward expansion Factionalism
74
Events in the war of 1812
British Blockade of american ports Severely impacted American trade → economic hardships Battle of New Orleans Significant victor for America led by Andrew Jackson
75
Occured in France A period of radical social and political change The monarchy being overthrown and the rise of the French Republic Fought between different factions within France Those against monarchy, and those for monarchy French tried pulling America into this Caused Proclomation of Neutrality to be issued The people were revolting against the King of France Inspired by the American Revolution Aimed to create a Republic
French revolution
76
National Identity during this presidency- Independent, radical, neutral, developing, economical struggles, divided opinions start to develop Established many ideas (created the foundation) that Adams and Jefferson then built upon Stayed out of the way of Congress Opposed slavery by the time he died Unanimously elected for two terms.
George washington
77
National Identity during this presidency- Economic decisions, seen as weak/a target, struggling for respect from foreign countries (not legitimate), creative (used economy as weapon rather than military), Democratic-Republican Amassed massive debt
Thomas Jefferson
78
National Identity during this presidency- divided, strained relationships with other countries, attacked/struggling to maintain foreign relations Hamilton’s Federalist Fanaticism British and now French impressments of American merchant ships Major strain on relationship w/ Jefferson
John Adams
79
Wrote the federalists papers Promoted the ratification of the US Constitution Papers provided detailed explanations and arguments for the structure and principles of the proposed Constitution
John Jay
80
Issued by James Monroe Declared that anybody not in the Americas were not allowed to come in. If a European country had a colony in the Americas then they could stay but if there was a revolution or revolt and they lost this colony, their ownership would be gone. Basis of American policy for the next few years
Monroe Doctrine
81
Economic plan proposed by Henry Clay Aimed to promote economic growth and national unity through three main components: A protective tariff to protect American Industries (Tariff of 1816) A national bank to stabilize the economy Internal improvements such as infrastructure projects to connect different regions of the country
American System
82
Aimed to maintain a a balance of power between free states and slave states in Congress Allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state and Maine as a free state It established a line, known as the 36’30 parallel, where slavery would be prohibited in the future states North of that line, and it would be allowed south of that line
Missouri compromise
83
short term and long term impacts of the Missouri compromise
Short Term Impacts: Maintained balance temporarily between North and South Allowed Missouri to enter as a slave state and Maine as a free state Long Term Impacts Further deepened the divide over slavery Resulted in the Civil War
84
Post War of 1812 Economy
The war had disrupted trade and manufacturing but once it ended there was a surge in industrial production and trade The American economy benefited from increased manufacturing, especially in textiles and machinery The war also led to the growth of transportation infrastructure Like canals and roads
85
Slavery in US
Caused major sectionalism between the North and the South North wanted to get rid of slavery South relied on slavery and wanted to keep it Missouri Compromise- prohibited slavery north of Missouri and allowed it south of slavery Eased tensions at first, but later caused even more problems and eventually led to civil war
86
What the era of good feelings was and was not:
WAS: Monroe Doctrine Westward Expansion Renewed Sense of Nationalism Economical development and industrialization Political Unity (Democratic-Republican Party) WAS NOT: Panic of 1819 Debate over Slavery Tariffs
87
Oversaw US struggle and growth He’s from Virginia He goes on a “Good Will Tour” and goes to every state in the union and delivers a speech explaining what he intends to do during his presidency The federalists are no longer a thing, everyone is some type of version of Democratic-Republican This big thing is state vs federal power
James Monroe
88
Secretary of state Shaped US foreign policy Smartest person to ever be president (eventually) He is the reason that the Monroe Doctrine happens He was raised to be president since his dad was John Adams
John Quincy Adams

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